tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-30215588617066227512024-02-20T03:20:53.295-08:00Nur Akmal AbdullahKelemahan manusia yang paling besar adalah keraguannya untuk mengatakan pada orang sekitar seberapa besar dia mencintai mereka, ketika mereka masih hidup.Nur Akmal Abdullahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12009812217579462064noreply@blogger.comBlogger19125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3021558861706622751.post-61234981332575871982012-04-08T06:42:00.000-07:002012-04-08T06:42:23.751-07:00TP praktikum 5 dan 6 (pengelasan dan pengenalan komponen dasar mesin pertanian<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>TH</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:ApplyBreakingRules/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> TP 5 pengelasan</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 39.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span><span>1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Apa yang di maksud dengan pengelasan?</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>tuliskan dan Jelaskan jenis-jenis las!</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Tuliskan tujuan, kegunaan, prosedur praktikum!</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Jelaskan apa kelemahan dan kelebihan las kerbit dan las listrik!<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cordia New"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 39.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">5. Cari literatur tentang pengelasan minimah 7 lembar!</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 39.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 39.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">TP 6 pengenalan komponen dasar mesin pertanian</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 39.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 39.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">buat makalah tentang mesin pertanian minmal 15 lembar</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 39.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 39.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">catatan:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 39.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"># laporan sebelumnya ACC-</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 39.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"># membawa kacamata hitam dan kost tangan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 39.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"># memakai pakaian lengan panjang.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 39.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"># copas -100</span></div>Nur Akmal Abdullahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12009812217579462064noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3021558861706622751.post-7075487509858535142012-03-18T03:48:00.000-07:002012-03-18T03:48:41.543-07:00TP praktikum 3 (pengukuran dan pemotongan) tgl 19-03-2012<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>TH</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:ApplyBreakingRules/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> 1. </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Jelaskan pengertian pemotongan dan pengukuran?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2. Jelaskan 3 cara pemotongan logam dan berikan masing – masing contohnya?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> 3. </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Apa yang dimaksud :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Circular saw</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kikir</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tang</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Chain saw</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Gergaji</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mistar baja</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Jangka sorong</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mikrometer sekrup</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4. Tuliskan bentuk – bentuk kikir serta kegunaannya?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>5. Tuliskan judul, tujuan dan kegunaan, prosedur praktikum serta alat dan bahan yang digunakan?<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">6. Carilah dan tuliskan literatur megenai pengukuran dan pemotongan min 5 lembar?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">as catatan:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> 1. laporan 1 <b>harus</b> acc+ dan laporan 2 acc-</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> 2. membawa sarung tangan dan kaca mata.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> 3. <b>wajib </b>membawa bahan yang akan digunakan pada praktikum.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> 4. <b>copas kali 0</b></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><b> </b></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: -18pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: -18pt;"><br />
</div>Nur Akmal Abdullahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12009812217579462064noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3021558861706622751.post-40672497218815412792012-03-11T06:55:00.000-07:002012-03-11T06:55:26.215-07:00TP praktikum 2 pengujian metal (12-02-2012)1. tuliskan judul, tujuan dan kegunaan serta prosedur praktikum?<br />
2. tuliskan macam-macam logam dan sebutkan kelemahan dan kelebihan setiap logam!<br />
3. tuliskan macam-macam bunga api serta gambarkan setiap bunga api.!<br />
4. tuliskan sifat-sifat logam dari soal no. 2?<br />
5. dari soal no 3. mengapa bunga api setiap logam berbeda?<br />
CATATAN<br />
1. SETIAP ORANG <u><b>HARUS</b></u> MEMBAWA KACA MATA DAN KAOS TANGAN<br />
2. SETIAP ORANG <u><b>MEMAKAI</b></u> BAJU LENGAN PANJANG DAN BAGI CEWE MEMAKAI CELANA (<b>TIDAK BOLEH PAKAI ROK)</b><br />
3. <u><b>WAJIB</b></u> MEMILIKI BUKU PENUNTUN DAN KATROL<b> </b><br />
4. LAPORAN SEBELUMNYA <u><b>HARUS</b></u> ACC-<br />
5. TP TULIS TANGAN DAN COPAS (KALI 0)Nur Akmal Abdullahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12009812217579462064noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3021558861706622751.post-62842501414993283522012-03-03T09:44:00.000-08:002012-03-03T09:44:24.464-08:00TUGAS PENDAHULUAN PRAKTIKUM I PERBENGKELAN (KELOMPOK VI)1. Apa yang dimaksud dengan bengkel?<br />
2. Hal apa saja yang harus diperhatikan ketika bekerja dalam bengkel ( prosedur keselamatan kerja)?<br />
3. Tulisakan syarat berdirinya bengkel?<br />
4. Tulisakan Peralatan bengkel dan mesin yang sering digunakan dalam bengkel, (berdasarkan fungsinya)?<br />
5. Tuliskan judul, tujuan dan kegunaan, serta prosedur kerja dari praktikum ini!Nur Akmal Abdullahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12009812217579462064noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3021558861706622751.post-54134331994984413282011-10-04T13:17:00.003-07:002011-10-04T13:17:57.540-07:00ph tanah<!--[if !mso]> <style>
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">LABORATORIUM FISIKA TANAH</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">JURUSAN ILMU TANAH</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">FAKULTAS PERTANIAN</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">UNIVERSITAS HASANUDDIN</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">MAKASSAR</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">2010</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">I. PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">1.1. Latar Belakang</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Larutan tanah adalah sifat tanah yang mengandung ion-ion terlarut yang merupakan hara tanaman. Konsentrasi ion-ion ini sangatlah beragam, tergantung pada ion terlarut serta jumlah bahan pelarut.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Reaksi tanah yang penting adalah masam, netral, dan alkalis. Di mana dalam pernyataan ini didasarkan pada jumlah ion H<sup>+</sup> dan OH<sup>-</sup> dalam larutan tanah. Bila dalam larutan ditemukan ion H<sup>+</sup> lebih banyak dari ion OH<sup>‑</sup>, maka reaksi tanah tersebut adalah masam. Bila ion H<sup>+</sup> sama dengan atau seimbang dengan ion OH<sup>‑</sup> maka reaksi tersebut adalah netral. Dan jika ion OH<sup>-</sup> lebih banyak dari ion H<sup>+</sup> maka reaksi tersebut disebut reaksi alkalis. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Reaksi tanah berdasarkan atas dua unsur di mana sumber keasaman tanah adalah asam-asam organik dan anorganik serta ion-ion H dan Al dapat ditukar misalnya koloid dan sumber alkinitas atau kebasahan dimana hasil hidrolisis dari ion dapat tukar atau garam-garam alkalis.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Seperangkat faktor kimia tertentu menentukan pH yang terukur pada tanah. Oleh karena itu, penentuan pH tanah adalah salah satu uji yang paling penting yang dapat digunakan untuk mendiagnosis masalah pertumbuhan tanaman. Misalnya, daun yang berwarna hijau pucat pada tanaman yang sakit dapat disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor. Apabila pH tanahnya serendah 5,5 atau kurang, maka penyakit tanaman itu mungkin tidak disebabkan oleh defisiensi besi, karena senyawa-senyawa besi mudah larut dalam keadaan asam. Apabila pH tanah adalah 8, maka kemungkinan adanya defisiensi besi perlu diperhitungkan sungguh-sungguh karena senyawa-senyawa besi sangat sukar larut pada tanah yang pH-nya 8.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Berdasarkan uraian di atas, maka perlu melakukan percobaan reaksi tanah (pH) untuk mengetahui jenis reaksi dan nilai pH tanah Alfisol pada berbagai lapisan tanah. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">1.2. Tujuan dan Kegunaan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tujuan dari praktikum reaksi tanah (pH) adalah untuk mengetahui nilai pH pada tiap lapisan tanah Alfisol,sedangkan kegunaan dari praktikum reaksi tanah (pH) adalah memberi informasi pada jenis-jenis tanah yang dapat menentukan jenis suatu komoditas yang dapat dikembangkan pada tanah tersebut.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54.0pt;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">II. TINJAUAN PUSTAKA</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">2.1. Reaksi Tanah</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kemasaman tanah merupakan salah satu sifat yang penting sebab terdapat hubungan pH dengan ketersediaan unsur hara dan juga terdapat hubungan antara pH dengan proses pembentukan tanah. Kemasaman tanah ditentukan oleh dinamika H<sup>+</sup> di dalam tanah, ion H<sup>+</sup> yang terdapat dalam suspensi tanah berada keseimbangan antara ion H<sup>+</sup> yang terjerap. </span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Akibat dari proses itu, maka dikenal dua jenis kemasaman, kemasaman aktif dan kemasaman potensial. Kemasaman aktif disebabkan oleh ion H<sup>+</sup> di dalam larutan tanah, sedangkan kemasaman potensial disebabkan oleh ion H<sup>+</sup> dan Al<sup>3+</sup> yang terjerap pada permukaan kompleks jerapan (Anonim, 2009).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54.0pt;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Untuk menyeragamkan pengertian, sifat reaksi dinilai berdasarkan konsentrasi ion H dan dinyatakan dengan pH. Dengan kata lain, pH tanah = - log </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Tw Cen MT","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "Tw Cen MT";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[H] </span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">tanah</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Tw Cen MT","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "Tw Cen MT";">.</span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"> Bila konsentrasi ion H bertambah maka pH turun, sebaliknya bila konsentrasi ion OH bertambah pH naik. Distribusi ion H dalam tanah tidak homogen. Ion H lebih banyak dijerap daripada ion OH, maka ion H lebih pekat di dekat permukaan koloid, sedangkan OH sebaliknya. Dengan demikian pH lebih rendah di dekat koloid daripada tempat yang jauh dari koloid (Hakim, dkk. 1986).</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Tw Cen MT","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "Tw Cen MT";"> </span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54.0pt;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Larutan mempunyai pH 7 disebut netral, lebih kecil dari 7 masam, dan lebih besar dari 7 basis atau alkalis. Pada keadaan netral konsentrasi ion H<sup>+</sup> sama besar dengan konsentrasi ion OH<sup>-</sup> dan pada keadaan alkalis sebaliknya. Reaksi tanah menunjukkan tentang keadaan atau status kimia tanah. Status kimia tanah mempengaruhi proses-proses biologik, seperti pertumbuhan tanaman. Reaksi atau pH yang ekstrim menunjukkan keadaan kimia tanah yang dapat mengganggu proses biologik. </span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kelas kemasaman tanah ada 6 macam, yaitu < 4,5 sangat masam, 4,5 - 5,5 masam, 5,6 - 6,5 agak masam, 6,6 - 7,5 netral, 7,6 - 8,5 agak alkalis, dan < 8,5 alkalis (Pairunan, dkk. 1985).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Di daerah rawa-rawa sering ditemukan tanah-tanah sangat masam dengan pH kurang dari 3,0 yang disebut tanah sulfat masam (cat clay) karena banyak mengandung asam sulfat. Di daerah yang sangat kering (arid) kadang-kadang pH tanah sangat tinggi (pH lebih dari 9,0) karena banyak mengandung garam Na. Pentingnya pH tanah adalah menentukan mudah tidaknya unsur-unsur hara diserap tanaman, menunjukkan kemungkinan adanya unsur-unsur beracun, dan mempengaruhi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>perkembangan mikro <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>organisme. Tanah yang terlalu masam dapat dinaikkan pH-nya dengan menambahkan kapur ke dalam tanah, sedang tanah yang terlalu alkalis dapat diturunkan pH-nya dengan penambahan belerang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Hardjowigeno, 2003).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pengaruh pH tanah yang utama bersifat hayati. Beberapa organisme mempunyai toleransi agak kecil terhadap variasi pH tanah, tetapi organisme lainnya mempunyai toleransi kisaran pH-nya luas. Dari penelitian terbukti bahwa sesungguhnya konsentrasi H<sup>+</sup> atau OH<sup>-</sup> tidak begitu penting kecuali pada keadaan yang <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ekstrim. Yang <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>paling <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>penting<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>adalah <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>keadaan - keadaan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pH <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tertentu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">berkaitan (Foth, 1994).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">2.2. Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Reaksi Tanah</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi reaksi tanah yaitu sebagai berikut Hakim, dkk, (1986) :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kejenuhan Basa</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kejenuhan basa adalah perbandingan antara kation basa dengan jumlah kation yang dapat dipertukarkan pada koloid tanah.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kejenuhan basa juga mencerminkan perbandingan kation basa dengan kation hidrogen dan almunium. Berarti semakin kecil kejenuhan basa, semakin masam pula reaksi tanah tersebut atau pH-nya semakin rendah. Kejenuhan basa 100% mencerminkan pH tanah yang netral, kurang dari itu mengarah ke pH tanah masam, sedangkan lebih dari itu mengarah ke basa.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 0cm left 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Sifat Misel (Koloid)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Sifat Misel yang berbeda-beda dalam mendisosiasikan ion H<sup>+ </sup>terjerap menyebabkan pH tanah berbeda pada koloid yang berbeda, walaupun kejenuhan basanya sama. Koloid organik mudah mendisosiasikan ion H<sup>+ </sup><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ke dalam larutan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Faktor-faktor lain yang mempengaruhi <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tingkat kemasaman tanah yaitu pencucian basa, mineralisasi atau dekomposisi bahan organik, respirasi akar yang menghasilkan CO<sub>2</sub> dan pemberian pupuk yang bereaksi masam dalam tanah (Pairunan, dkk, 1985).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 54.0pt;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">III. BAHAN DAN METODE</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 54.0pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">3.1. Tempat dan Waktu</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 53.85pt;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Praktikum Reaksi Tanah dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Kimia Tanah, Jurusan Ilmu Tanah, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Hasanuddin Makassar pada hari Kamis, tanggal 23 April 2009, pada pukul 14.00 WITA – selesai.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">3.2. Alat dan Bahan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Adapun alat-alat yang digunakan pada praktikum Reaksi Tanah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>adalah timbangan, pH meter, dan tempat roll film. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 53.85pt;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Adapun bahan-bahan yang digunakan pada praktikum Reaksi Tanah adalah sampel tanah terganggu Alfisol titik I, II, dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>III, tanah Inceptisol titik IV dan V, aquadest, tissu rol, kertas label. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">3.3. Prosedur Kerja</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54.0pt;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Prosedur kerja dari percobaan Reaksi Tanah adalah :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Memasukkan 10 gram tanah halus ke dalam tabung reaksi atau tempat roll film dan menambahkan air suling 10 ml (rasio 1 : 2)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Mengocok selama 30 jam dengan digoyang-goyangkan, kemudian mendiamkan selama 1 menit</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Mengukur pH dengan pH meter</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">IV. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">4.1. Hasil</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Berdasarkan praktikum yang telah dilakukan, maka diperoleh hasil sebagai berikut :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -54.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tabel 11. Hasil Pengukuran pH tanah Alfisol lapisan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I dan II</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;"><br />
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<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 118.4pt;" valign="top" width="158"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Lapisan</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 118.4pt;" valign="top" width="158"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">pH Tanah</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 118.4pt;" valign="top" width="158"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kriteria</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 118.4pt;" valign="top" width="158"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">I</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 118.4pt;" valign="top" width="158"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">5,05</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 118.4pt;" valign="top" width="158"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Masam</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 13.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 118.4pt;" valign="top" width="158"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">II</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 118.4pt;" valign="top" width="158"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">5,49</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 118.4pt;" valign="top" width="158"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Masam</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sumber data Primer setelah diolah,2010</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">4.2. Pembahasan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Berdasarkan tabel di atas, maka titik I pada tanah Alfisol pH-nya sebesar 6,92. berarti tanah tersebut bersifat netral. Hal ini karena pH tanah pada titik I </span><span lang="SV-FI" style="mso-ansi-language: SV-FI;">berkisar 6,5-7,5 tanah bereaksi netral. Sesuai pendapat Foth (1994) bahwa tanah yang berkisar antara 6,5-7,5 bersifat netral karena ion </span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">H<sup>+</sup></span><span lang="SV-FI" style="mso-ansi-language: SV-FI;"> sama dengan ion OH<sup>-</sup> dalam tanah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Titik II pada tanah Alfisol ini memiliki pH 5,83. Tanah ini bersifat masam, hal ini disebabkan karena kandungan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">H<sup>+</sup><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>lebih besar daripada</span> OH<sup>-</sup>. Ini sesuai dengan pendapat Foth (1994), yang berpendapat bahwa dalam tanah masam dikarenakan kadar H<sup>+</sup><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>lebih tinggi daripada kadar </span>OH<sup>-</sup>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pada titik III pH-nya sebesar 6,22 dan tergolong masam. Hal ini dikarenakan tanah tersebut mengandung kadar ion </span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">H<sup>+</sup><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>lebih banyak dibandingkan dengan ion </span>OH<sup>-</sup><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> karena sedikitnya jasad hidup (organisme) yang hidup pada lapisan ini dan perakaran tanaman hanya sedikit yang mampu menembus lapisan ini. Hal ini sesuai dengan pendapat Sanchez (1998), ia berpendapat bahwa tanah yang bersifat masam disebabkan karena hanya sedikit organisme yang mampu untuk beradaptasi dalam menguraikan ion </span>H<sup>+</sup>.<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pada titik IV memiliki pH sebesar 6,52. dan tergolong netral. Hal ini dikarenakan tanah tersebut mengandung kadar ion </span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">H<sup>+</sup><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> dan </span></span><span lang="SV-FI" style="mso-ansi-language: SV-FI;">OH<sup>-</sup></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> yang seimbang, pada tanah ini banyak mengandung unsur hara. Hal ini sesuai dengan pendapat Sanchez (1976), ia mengatakan bahwa tanah yang memiliki pH 6,5 – 7,5 tergolong pada pH netral, maka unsur hara yang tersedia dalam jumlah yang cukup banyak (optimal).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pada titik V pH yang dimiliki sebesar 6,62 dan tergolong netral. Pada tanah ini memiliki kejenuhan basa 100%. Hal ini sesuai dengan pendapat Hakim 1986) yang berpendapat bahwa tanah yang mempunyai kejenuhan basa 100% mencerminkan pH tanah yang netral.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV-FI" style="mso-ansi-language: SV-FI;">V. KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV-FI" style="mso-ansi-language: SV-FI;">5.1. Kesimpulan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span lang="SV-FI" style="mso-ansi-language: SV-FI;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Berdasarkan pengamatan di atas, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="SV-FI" style="mso-ansi-language: SV-FI;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV-FI" style="mso-ansi-language: SV-FI;">Tanah pada titik I mempunyai pH sebesar </span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">6,92 dan tergolong netral.</span><span lang="SV-FI" style="mso-ansi-language: SV-FI;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="SV-FI" style="mso-ansi-language: SV-FI;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV-FI" style="mso-ansi-language: SV-FI;">Tanah pada titik II mempunyai pH sebesar </span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">5,83 dan tergolong masam</span><span lang="SV-FI" style="mso-ansi-language: SV-FI;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="SV-FI" style="mso-ansi-language: SV-FI;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV-FI" style="mso-ansi-language: SV-FI;">Tanah pada titik III mempunyai pH sebesar </span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">6,22 dan tergolong masam.</span><span lang="SV-FI" style="mso-ansi-language: SV-FI;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="SV-FI" style="mso-ansi-language: SV-FI;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV-FI" style="mso-ansi-language: SV-FI;">Tanah pada titik IV mempunyai pH sebesar </span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">6,52 dan tergolong netral.</span><span lang="SV-FI" style="mso-ansi-language: SV-FI;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="SV-FI" style="mso-ansi-language: SV-FI;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV-FI" style="mso-ansi-language: SV-FI;">Tanah pada titik V mempunyai pH sebesar </span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">6,62 dan tergolong netral</span><span lang="SV-FI" style="mso-ansi-language: SV-FI;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="SV-FI" style="mso-ansi-language: SV-FI;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV-FI" style="mso-ansi-language: SV-FI;">Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi reaksi tanah yaitu kejenuhan basa, macam kation terjerap, curah hujan dan pemupukan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">5.2. Saran</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Apabila tanah agak masam / masam, maka sebaiknya ditambahkan dengan kapur agar tanah menjadi netral dan apabila tanah agak alkalis / alkalis, maka sebaiknya ditambahkan dengan belerang / sulfur, agar tanah menjadi netral, karena tanaman dapat tumbuh dengan baik apabila pH suatu tanah netral.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54.0pt;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Anonim, 2009. <i>Penuntun Praktikum Dasar-Dasar Ilmu Tanah</i>. Jurusan Ilmu Tanah, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Foth, Hendry D., 1994. <i>Dasar-Dasar Ilmu Tanah</i>. Erlangga, Gajah Mada University Press, Yogyakarta</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -54.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Hakim, N., M. Yusuf Nyakpa, A. M. Lubis, Sutopo Ghani Nugroho, M. Amin Diha, Go Ban Hong, H. H. Bailey, 1986.<i> Dasar-Dasar Ilmu Tanah</i>. Universitas Lampung, Lampung</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Hardjowigeno, H. Sarwono., 2003. <i>Klasifikasi Tanah dan Pedogenesis</i>. Akademika Pressindo, Jakarta</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pairunan, Anna K., J. L. Nanere, Arifin, Solo S. R. Samosir, Romualdus Tangkaisari, J. R. Lalopua, Bachrul Ibrahim, Hariadji Asmadi, 1985. </span><i><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Dasar-Dasar Ilmu Tanah. </span></i><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Badan Kerjasama Perguruan Tinggi Negeri Indonesia Timur</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><br />
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</div>Nur Akmal Abdullahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12009812217579462064noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3021558861706622751.post-22985216564579268442011-10-04T13:17:00.001-07:002011-10-04T13:17:12.588-07:00mengembang mengerut<!--[if !mso]> <style>
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">LABORATORIUM FISIKA TANAH</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">JURUSAN ILMU TANAH</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">FAKULTAS PERTANIAN</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">UNIVERSITAS HASANUDDIN</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">MAKASSAR</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">2010</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">I. PENDAHULUAN</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">1.1. Latar Belakang</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">Sifat mengembang dan mengerut adalah masuk atau keluarnya air ke atau dari antara lempeng-lempeng liat kristal tipe 2 : 1 menyebabkan terlihatnya sifat mengembang dalam keadaan basah dan mengerut kalau kering.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pengembangan terjadinya karena beberapa sebab, sebagian pengembangan terjadi karena penetrasi air ke dalam lapisan kristal liat, yang menyebabkan pengembangan dalam kristal. Akan tetapi, sebagian besar terjadi karena tertariknya air ke dalam koloid-koloid dan ion-ion yang teradsorbsi pada liat dan karena udara yang terperangkap di dalam pori mikro ketika memasuki pori tanah.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Retakan-retakan tanah dapat memperbaiki aerasi tanah pada bagian lebih dalam. Namun, retakan-retakan yang terlalu lebar dapat menyebabkan putusnya akar-akar tanaman. Pengembangan dan pengerutan yang tidak sama dapat menyebabkan retaknya pondasi gedung-gedung, sedangkan jalan yang diperkeras menjadi bergelombang</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pengembangan tanah adalah penjenuhan air sehingga menutupi celah-celah retakan tanah yang diakibatkan oleh pengerutan. Tanah yang banyak mengandung mineral liat smectit memperlihatkan sifat mengembang dan mengerut. Kation-kation dan molekul-molekul air sudah masuk antara unit kristal mineral sehingga mineral akan mengembang saat basa dan mengerut saat kering, karena banyaknya air yang hilang pada tanah tersebut.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Berdasarkan uraian tersebut, maka praktikum tentang praktikum <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mengembang dan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mengerut <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>perlu <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>di <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>lakukan untuk <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mengetahui<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tingkat <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pengembangan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan pengerutan tanah agar dapat diolah dengan baik.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">1.2. Tujuan dan Kegunaan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">Tujuan dilaksanakannya praktikum mengembang dan mengerut adalah untuk membandingkan pengembangan dan pengerutan pada tanah Alfisol.Sedangkan kegunaan praktikum ini adalah untuk mengetahui cara pengolahan pada tanah-tanah yang memiliki sifat pengembangan dan pengerutan.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">III. METODOLOGI PERCOBAAN</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">3.1. Waktu dan Tempat</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Praktikum tentang sifat mengembang dan mengerut tanah dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Fisika Tanah, Jurusan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ilmu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tanah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Fakultas<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pertanian Universitas Hasanuddin,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Makassar,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pada hari<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>Rabu<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> tanggal <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>10 November <span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>20</span>10<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> pukul 1</span>3<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">.00 WITA</span><span lang="IN"> </span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">sampai selesai.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">3.2. Alat dan Bahan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Alat- alat <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang digunakan yaitu cawan petri, saringan, batu, gelas ukur, oven, jam dan mistar.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Bahan- bahan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>digunakan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yaitu <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sampel <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tanah </span>Alfisol, <span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">air, kertas label, tissu roll.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">3.3. Prosedur Kerja</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%;">Adapun prosedur kerja praktikum mengembang dan mengerut sebagai berikut:</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">3.3.1 Pengerutan Tanah</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%;">Prosedur kerja praktikum pengerutan tanah,yaitu sebagai berikut :</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Memasukkan tanah pada wadah cawan petridish sehingga hampir penuh.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Menambahkan air sehingga menimbulkan sedikit genangan,kemudian diovenkan selama 1 x 24 jam (1 hari).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Mengeluarkan cawan petridish dan tanah kemudian dinginkan.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Tingkat pengerutan dapat dinyatakan dengan memperkirakan luas retakan-retakan dengan luas permukaan tanah semula dalam keadaan basah. Retakan-retakan dibagi dalam segmen-segmen yang diukur panjang dan lebarnya.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Persentase Pengerutan Tanah<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><u>total luas retakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></u><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x 100</i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Luas<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>permukaan tanah</i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">3.3.2</b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pengembangan Tanah</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Prosedur kerja pada praktikum pengembanga tanah, yaitu sebagai berikut:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tanah kering (< 2 mm) dimasukkan dalam gelas ukur </span>50<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> ml hingga volume tanah 15ml. Gelas ukur ini dihentak-hentakkan beberapa kali untuk memadatkan tanah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Meng<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">eluarkan tanah tersebut ke wadah lain.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Mem<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">asukkan air sebanyak 25 ml ke dalam gelas ukur, kemudian masukkan kembali tanah sedikit demi sedikit hingga semuanya masuk ke dalam air tersebut. Air di dalam gelas ditambah bila masih ada bagian yang belum basah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Memb<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">iarkan tanah membasah selama sekitar setengah jam, kemudian gelas ukur dihentak-hentakkan supaya tanah lebih padat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Memb<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">aca volume tanah <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>telah basah <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tersebut. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hitung <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>besar <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pertambahan volume tanah dalam keadaan basah dibangdingkan keadaan kering.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Persentase Pengembangan =Volume tanah basah – volume tanah kering</i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Prosedur praktikum pengerutan tanah, adalah sebagai beriukut:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Masukkan tanah masing-masing wadah sehingga hampir penuh.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tambahkan air hingga menimbulkan sedikit genangan, kemudian tanah dihancurkan dengan menggunakan pengaduk. Penghancuran tanah dilakukan pula pada hari berikutnya. Perhatikan bahwa di atas tanah terdapat sedikit genangan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pada hari kedua, air genangan dikeluarkan dengan memiringkan wadah dengan hati-hati. Tanah tanpa air genagan tersebut seanjutnya dibiarkan mengering di dalam oven selama ± 3 jam.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Bila berat kering tanah telah tetap (ditandai dengan tetapnya berat kering tanah plus wadah), pengamatan tingkat pengerutan tanah dapat dilakukan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tingkat pengerutan tanah dapat dinyatakan dengan memperkirakan luas retakan-retakan dengan luas permukaaan tanah semula dalam keadaan basah. Retakan-retakan dibagi dalam segmen-segmen yang diukur panjang dan lebarnya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Menghitung nilai pengerutan tanah dengan persamaan :</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 167px; margin-top: 20px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 290px; z-index: 251657728;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/RHYAKMAL/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" width="290" /></span>% Pengerutan Tanah = Panjang tanah basah – Panjang tanah kering<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>X 100 %</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-left: 144.0pt; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Panjang tanah kering</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">II. TINJAUAN PUSTAKA</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">2.1. Mengembang dan Mengerut</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">Secara umum alihan mineral liat ditentukan oleh bahan induk sementara modifikasi dalam hal jumlah dan jenis mineral liat ditentukan oleh pelapukan pedogenik. Pada tanah-tanah yang berkembang pada Permian Redbeds termasuk Alfisol, Culver dan Gray (1988) menndapatkan bahwa liat kasar umumnya illit dan liat halus umumnya monmorilonit. Dengan demikian horizon argilik yang terbentuk mengandung komponen mineral-mineral antar lapisan illit-montmorilonit yang tinggi. Hal seperti ini bukan merupakan hal yang umum. Tanah yang berkembang dari glacial till dan loess memperlihatkan kecenderungan yang sama.(Lopulisa, 2004).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pelapukan mineral-mineral primer merupakan suatu peristiwa penting dalam genesa Alfisol. Pengaruh ini terlihat pada jumlah spesies ion yang ada dalam solum yang dihasilkan secara realtif, jika tidak secara absolut. Selain itu besaran dan jumlah kompleks pertukaran utamanya pada Alfisol berkorelasi berlangsung dengan konsentrasi produk-produk pelapukan mineral. (Hakim, dkk, 1986).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Translokasi dalam profil Alfisol yaitu perkembangan dan akumulasi mineral-mineral sekunder, utamanya mineral liat alumino silikat. Berbagai jenis mineral liat yang biasanya berkembang dengan struktur smektif umumnya mendominasi fraksi liat yang lebih halus sementara liat illit, vermikulit, dan kaolinit lebih jelas dan lebih umum pada liat yang lebih kasar (>1µm). Jumlah montmorilonit<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>meningkat pada horizon B utamanya pada tanah Alfisol (Buckman dan Brady 1982).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tanah Alfisol mempunyai ikatan hidrogen karena muatan positif ion N<sup>+</sup> yang menarik kuat muatan negative dari oksigen unit kristal tetangganya, ikatan kuat inilah yang mneyebabkan tanah Alfisol tidak dapat mnegembang. Dengan demikian molekul-molekul-molekul air atau ion-ion lain dapat masuk diantara lapisan unit </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: justify;">kristal dari mineral tersebut.(Pairunan, dkk, 1985).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">2.2. Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Mengembang dan Mengerut</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">Faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan terjadinya pengembang yaitu, sebagian pengembangan terjadi karena penetrasi air ke dalam lapisan kristal liat, yang menyebabkan pengembangan tanah dalam kristal. Akan tetapi, sebagian besar terjadi karena tertartiknya air ke dalam koloid-koloid dan ion-ion yang terabsorpsi pada liat dan karena udara yang terperangkap di dalam pori mikro ketika memasuki pori tanah (Anonim, 2006).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sifat mengembang dan mengerut disebabkan oleh kandungan air relatif, terutama yang berada di satuan-satuan struktural misel. Jika kisi habrul lempung mengembang akan terjadi pengerutan pada waktu terjadi pembasahan oleh air. Setelah mengalami kekeringan sesuatu tanah yang cukup lama akan mengalami retak yang cukup dalam, sehingga hujan pertama mudah masuk ke dalam tanah (Buckman dan Brady 1982).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">IV. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">4.1. Hasil</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Berdasarkan percobaan yang dilakukan, maka diperoleh hasil sebagai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berikut:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tabel 5 : Hasil Perhitungan Nilai Pada Tanah Alfisol Titik I, II, dan III</span></b></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 126.0pt;" valign="top" width="168"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Parameter Pengamatan</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" valign="top" width="156"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">% Pengembangan</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 126.0pt;" valign="top" width="168"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">% Pengerutan</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 87.55pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 87.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 126.0pt;" valign="top" width="168"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Titik<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Titik II</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Titik III</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 87.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" valign="top" width="156"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">13,33%</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">13,33%</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">16,66%</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 87.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 126.0pt;" valign="top" width="168"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">3,8%</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">3,5%</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">1,4%</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">Sumber : Data Primer Setelah Diolah, 2009.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tabel 6 : Hasil Perhitungan Nilai Pada Tanah Inceptisol Titik IV dan V.</span></b></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 126.0pt;" valign="top" width="168"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Parameter Pengamatan</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" valign="top" width="156"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">% Pengembangan</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 126.0pt;" valign="top" width="168"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">% Pengerutan</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 55.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 55.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 126.0pt;" valign="top" width="168"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Titik<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>IV</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Titik V</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 55.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" valign="top" width="156"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">33,33%</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">26,66%<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 55.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 126.0pt;" valign="top" width="168"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">22,5%</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">36,36%<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%;">Sumber : Data Primer Setelah Diolah, 2009.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">4.2 Pembahasan</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Berdasarkan hasil pengamatan yang diperoleh pada tanah Alfisol titik I persentase pengembangannya adalah 13,33 % dan pengerutannya 3,8 % di mana titik ini<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pengembangan lebih<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>relatif tinggi, hal ini disebabkan karena lemahnya ikatan oksigen di dalam tanah. Hal ini sesuai dengan pendapat Hardjowigeno (2003) yang menyatakan bahwa mineral liat montmoriollinit yang bertipe 2 : 1 masing masing unit di hubungkan dengan yang lain yaitu ikatan oksigen dengan air sehinnga tanah mengakibatkan tanah mudah mengerut bila kering.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Berdasarkan pengamatan pada titik II pada tanah Alfisol persentase pengembangannya adalah 13,33 % sedangkan persentase pengerutannya 3,5 %. Pada titik ini memiliki sifat mengembang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan mengerut juga yang hamper sama dengan titik I. Hal ini disebabkan karena sifat liat atau plastisitas kedua tanah tersebut di mana sifat plastisitas yang tinggi pada tanah akan berpengaruh pada sifat mengembang dan mengerut tanah, Hal ini sesuai dengan pendapat Buckman dan Brady (1982) bahwa umumnya satu masalah penting pada plastisitas tanah adalah sifat lekat ketika basah di mana tanah mudah lekat dan menjadi keras ketika kering.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Berdasarkan pengamatan pada lapisan III pada tanah Alfisol persentase pengembangannya adalah 16,66 % sedangkan persentase pengerutannya 1,4 % pada titik ini memiliki sifat mengembang relatif tinggi di banding sifat mengerut. Hal ini disebabkan karena<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kandungan air yang relatif tinggi hal ini sesuai dengan pendapat Hakim, dkk (1986) yang menyatakan bahwa sifat mengembang dan mengerut pada tanah disebabkan karena kandungan air yang relatif tinggi terutama yang berada diantara satuan satuan struktur misel. Jika kisi lempung dari pengembangan akan terjadi pengembangan pada waktu basah.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Berdasarkan pengamatan pada lapisan IV pada tanah Inceptisol persentase pengembangannya adalah 33,33 % sedangkan persentase pengerutannya 22,5 %. Pada titik ini presentasi pengembangan dan pengerutannya cukup tinggi hal ini disebabkan karena tanah ini bertekstur liat sehingga banyak menyerap air. Ini sesuai dengan pendapat Pairunan, dkk (1985) menyatakan tanah yang mengandung banyak mineral liat akan memperlihatkan sifat mengembang pada saat tanah basah karena molekul air mudah masuk pada rongga antara unit kristal mineral.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Berdasarkan pengamatan pada lapisan V pada tanah Alfisol persentase pengembangannya adalah 26,66 % sedangkan persentase pengerutannya 36,36 %. Pada titik ini presentasi pengerutan lebih tinggi bila dibandingkan dengan preasentasi pengembangan. Hal ini terjadi karena pada tanah titik ini memiliki kandungan kadar air yang lebih rendah sebab kandungan liatnya pula yang rendah sehingga kemampuan tanah dalam menahan air sangat rendah. Hal ini sesuai dengan pendapat Buckman dan Brady (1992) bahwa tanah yang memiliki kandungan liat yang rendah akan mengalami pengerutan yang tinggi sehingga sulit untuk menahan air mengakibatkan pori tanah mengecil.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Persentse pengembangan pada titik II sebesar 13,33 % dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pengerutan sebesar 3,5%.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Persentase pengembangan pada titik III sebesar 16,66 % dan pengerutan sebesar 1,4%.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Persentase pengembangan pada titik IV sebesar 33,33 % dan pengerutan sebesar 22,5%.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Persentase pengembangan pada titik V sebesar 26,66 % dan pengerutan sebesar 36,36%.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Faktor yang mempengaruhi pengembangan dan pengerutan tanah adalah kandungan liatnya, volume kebasahan dan kapasitas tukar kation (KTK).</li>
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">5.2 Saran</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></b>Sebaiknya dalam memilih tanah yang cocok untuk dijadikan lahan pertanian, perlu memperhatikan tingkat persentase pengembangan dan pengerutannya, agar tanaman yang ditanam dapat tumbuh dan berkembang dengan subur.</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 74.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -74.8pt;">Anonim, 2006. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Praktikum Dasar-Dasar Ilmu Tanah</i>. Jurusan Ilmu Tanah, Fakultas Pertanian dan Kehutanan, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 74.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -74.8pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 74.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -74.8pt;">Buckman dan Brady., 1982. Ilmu Tanah. PT Bharata karya aksara. Jakarta.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 74.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -74.8pt;">Hakim. N., M.Y. Nyapka, A.M Lubis, S.G Nugroho, M.R Saul, M.A Dina, G.B Hong, H.H Baile., 1986, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dasar-Dasar Ilmu Tanah. </i>Penerbit Universitas Lampung : Lampung.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; tab-stops: 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -54.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; tab-stops: 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -54.0pt;">Lopulisa, Christianto., 2004. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tanah-Tanah Utama Dunia</i>. Lembaga Penerbitan Universitas Hasanuddin : Makassar.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; tab-stops: 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -54.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; tab-stops: 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -54.0pt;">Pairunan, Anna, K., Nanere, J, L., Arifin., Solo, S, R. Samosir, Romoaldus Tangkaisari, J. R Lalapia Mace, Bachrul Ibrahim., Hariadji Asnadi., 1985. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dasar-Dasar Ilmu Tanah. </i>Perguruan Tinggi Negeri Indonesia Timur : Makassar.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; tab-stops: 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -54.0pt;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">IV. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">4.1. Hasil</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">Berdasarkan <span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Hasil </span>P<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">erhitungan </span>P<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">ersentase</span> Sifat Mengerut pada Tanah Alfisols</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 5.4pt; width: 548px;"><tbody>
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<tr style="height: 20.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 20.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 141.45pt;" width="189"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">Alfisols</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 141.45pt;" width="189"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">2,9%</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 128.2pt;" width="171"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">2,6 %</div></td> </tr>
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">4.2.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pembahasan</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">Berdasarkan hasil pengamatan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dapat diperoleh bahwa persentase pengerutan pada tanah Alfisols adalah 2,9 % dan pada pengembangan 2,6 %.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dari hasil tersebut dapat diketahui tingkat persentase pengerutan tanah pada tanah Alfisols seperti tanah kebun.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2.0cm;">Nilai persentase pengerutan terdapat pada tanah Alfisols yaitu 2,9 %.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hal ini disebabkan oleh kandungan air pada tanah ini lebih rendah sebab kandungan litany rendah pula sehingga kemampuan tanah dalam menahan air sangat rendah.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hal ini sesuai dengan pendapat Buckman dan Brady (1992) bahwa tanah yang memiliki kandungan liat yang rendah akan mengalami pengerutan yang tinggi sehingga sulit untuk menahan air mengakibatkan pori tanah mengecil.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2.0cm;">Persentase pengembangan adalah 2,6 %, hal ini terjadi karena kandungan kadar airnya lebih banyak sehingga kemampuan memegang airnya lebih tinggi menyebabkan persentase pengembangan lebih sedikit.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hal ini sesuai dengan yang dikemukakan oleh Hakim, dkk (1986) bahwa semakin tinggi kadar air pada suatu lapisan maka kemampuan memegang airnya semakin besar.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2.0cm;">Menurut Anonim (2006), faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi mengembang dan mengerut adalah pengembangan terjadi karena penetrasi air ke dalam lapisan kristal liat, yang menyebabkan pengembangan di dalam Kristal.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Akan tetapi sebagian besar terjadi karena tertariknya air ke dalam koloid-koloid dan ion-ion yang terabsorpsi pada liat dank arena udara yang terperangkap di dalam pori mikro ketika memasuki tanah.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div>Nur Akmal Abdullahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12009812217579462064noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3021558861706622751.post-73703018413550283652011-10-04T13:16:00.001-07:002011-10-04T13:16:23.695-07:00profil tanah<!--[if !mso]> <style>
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/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
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mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
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mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-language:AR-SA;}
table.MsoTableGrid
{mso-style-name:"Table Grid";
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mso-style-priority:59;
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border:solid black 1.0pt;
mso-border-themecolor:text1;
mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;
mso-border-themecolor:text1;
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mso-border-insideh:.5pt solid black;
mso-border-insideh-themecolor:text1;
mso-border-insidev:.5pt solid black;
mso-border-insidev-themecolor:text1;
mso-para-margin:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-language:AR-SA;}
</style> <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="1027"/> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapelayout v:ext="edit"> <o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1"/> </o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--> <br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 64.5pt; text-align: justify;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">LABORATORIUM FISIKA TANAH</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">JURUSAN ILMU TANAH</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">FAKULTAS PERTANIAN</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">UNIVERSITAS HASANUDDIN</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">MAKASSAR</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2010</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 90.75pt center 198.4pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 90.75pt center 198.4pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">I. PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 250%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Latar Belakang</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pemahaman fungsi tanah sebagai media tumbuh dimulai sejak peradaban manusia yang beralih dari manusia pengumpul pangan yang berpindah-pindah menjadi manusia yang menetap pada suatu wilayah tertentu yang mengusahakan untuk memproduksi pangan di daerah tempat mereka menetap.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pada tahap berikutnya mulai berkembang pemahaman bahwa tanah berfungsi sebagai penyedia nutrisi bagi tanaman tersebut,sehingga produksi yang dicapai tanaman tergantung pada kemampuan tanah dalam penyediaan nutrisi ini (kesuburan tanah).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.3pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tanah mempunyai ciri-ciri yang sangat bervariasi pada suatu tempat, karena persamaan proses pembentukan tanah. Mempelajari seluruh tanah pada suatu tempat dapat dilakukan dengan mencari satuan yang lebih kecil yang dapat menjadi objek pengkajian ilmiah.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ciri-ciri morfologi profil tanah merupakan petunjuk dari proses-proses yang hanya dialami oleh suatu jenis tanah selama pelapukan dan perkembangannya. Perbedaan intensitas faktor-faktor pembentuk tanah yang dapat digunakan untuk menentukan suatu jenis tanah.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 53.3pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Berdasarkan uraian diatas, maka dipandang perlu diadakan pengamatan profil tanah. Sehingga kita dapat lebih memahami keadaan tanah pada suatu tempat yang dapat dijadikan sebagai lahan pertanian dan untuk mengetahui sifat kimia, sifat biologis dan sifat fisik tanah.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.3pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.3pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tujuan dan Kegunaan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tujuan pengamatan profil tanah ini adalah untuk mengetahui sifat-sifat fisik tanah Inceptisol dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya.Sedangkan kegunaan pengamatan profil tanah ini adalah sebagai bahan dasar dalam menentukan sifat-sifat tanah dan teknik pengelolaan tanah dan jenis tanaman yang akan diusahakan berdasarkan kemampuan akar menembus lapisan tanah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;">II. TINJAUAN PUSTAKA</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.1.Profil Tanah</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Profil tanah merupakan irisan vertical tanah dari lapisan paling atas hingga ke bebatuan induk tanah (regolit),yang biasanya terdiri dari horizon-horizon O-A-E-B-C-R. empat lapisan teratas yang masih dipengaruhi cuaca disebut lapisan tanah atas (Anonim,2010).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Secara vertical,tanah berdifferensiasi membentuk horizon-horizon yang berbeda-beda baik dalam morfologis seperti<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ketebalan dan warnanya, maupun karakteristik fisik,kimiawi dan biologis masing-masingnya sebagai konsekuensi bekerjanya factor-faktor lingkungan terhadap: (1) bahan induk asalnya maupun (2) bahan-bahan eksternal, berupa bahan organic sisa-sisa biota yang hidup diatasnya dan mineral nonbahan induk yang berasal dari letusan gunung api maupun yang terbawa oleh aliran air.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Adapun syarat-syarat penampang tanah yaitu :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Lubang penampang harus besar</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Penggalian sampai bahan induk dan dalam pemeriksaan,dipilih sisi lubangpenampang yang mendapat sinar matahari</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Tidak menumpuk tanah bekas galian di atas sisi penampang pemeriksaan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Penampang pewakil adalah tanah yang belum mendapat gangguan,misalnya timbunan serta jauh dari pemukiman</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Jika berair,air yang berada di penampang harus dukeluarkan terlebih dahulu</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Melakukan pengamatan pada sinar matahari yang cukup.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Meskipun tanah terdiri dari beberapa horizon, namun bagi tanaman,yang sangat penting adalah lapisan atas yang biasanya mempunyai ketebalan di bawah 30 cm,bahkan bagi tanaman berakar dangkal seperti padi, palawija dan sayuran,yang paling berperan adalah kedalaman di bawah 20 cm. Oleh karena itu,istilah kesuburan tanah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>biasanya mengacu pada ketersediaan hara pada lapisan setebal ini,yang biasanya disebut dengan lapisan olah(Hanafiah,2009a)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">2.2 Tanah Inseptisol</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tanah inseptisol adalah tanah yang belum matang (immature) yang memiliki perkembangan profil lebih lemah dibandingkan dengan tanah matang dan masih banyak menyerupai sifat induknya. (Hardjowigeno,2003)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tanah inseptisol mempunyai karakteristik dari kombinasi sifat-sifat tersedianya air untuk tanaman lebih dari setengah tahun atau levih dari 3 bulan berturut-turut dalam musim kemarau. Inseptisol dapat terbentuk hamper di semua tempat kecuali daerah kering mulai dari kutub sampai tropika(Pairunan dkk ,1985)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.65pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Lapisan-lapisan pembentukan tanah ditentukan pada ketebalan solum tanah (medium bagi pertumbuhan tanaman) yang diukur ketebalannya mulai dari lapisan batu-batuan sampai kepermukaan tanah. Setelah diketahui solum tanah itu kemudian ditentukan pada ketebalan solum tanah itu kemudian ditentukan tebalnya lapisan atas tanah dan lapisan bawahnya satu sama lainnya akan menunjukkan perbedaan yang mencolok. Lapisan atas (top soil) merupakan tanah yang relative subur dibandingkan subsoil karena banyak mengandung bahan organic dan biasanya merupakan lapisan olah tanah bagi pertanian yang memungkinkan dapat terjadi keberhasilan usaha penanaman diatasnya(Hanafiah,2009b).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.5pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam faktor pembentukan tanah,dibedakan atas dua golongan yaitu faktor pembentuk tanah secara pasif dan faktor pembentuk tanah secara aktif.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Faktor pembentuk tanah secara pasif adalah bagian-bagian yang menjadi sumber massa dan keadaan yang mempengaruhi massa yang meliputi bahan induk,topografi dan waktuatau umur.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sedangkan faktor pembentuk tanah secara aktif adalah factor yang menghasilkan energy yang bekeja pada massa tanah yaitu iklim dan makhluk hidup(Hanafiah,2009c)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 58.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Berdasarkan pembentukannya, bebatuan ini dikelompokkan menjadi 3 golongan yaitu:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Batuan beku (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">igneous</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">rock</i>) yang merupakan bebatuan yang terbentuk dari proses solidifikasi (pembekuan) magma cair. Apabila proses pembentukannya terjadi jauh dibawah tanah, maka bebatuan yang terbentuk disebut <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">plutonik</i> (batuan dalam), disebut <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">intrusi </i>(batuan gang) jika pembekuannya terjaddi didalam liang-liang menuju permukaan tanah, dan disebut <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ekstrusi </i>(batuan vulkanik atau lelehan) jika pembekuannya terjadi dipermukaan tanah.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Batuan sediment (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sedimentary rock</i>) merupakan bebatuan yang terbentuk dari proses konsolidassi (pemadatan) endapan-endapan partikel yang terbawa oleh angina atau air dibawah permukaan bumi.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Batuan peralihan (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">metamorf)</i>) yang merupakan batuan beku atau batuan sediment yang telah mengalami transformasi (perubahan rupa) akibat adanya pengaruh perubahan suhu, tekanan, cairan atau gas aktif <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Hanafiah, 2007)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Adapun pembentukan tanah dipengaruhi oleh lima factor yang bekerja samadalam berbagai proses,baik reaksi fisik (disintegrasi) maupun kimia (dekomposisi). Semula dianggap sebagai factor pembentuk tanah hanyalah bahan induk,iklim dan makhluk hidup. Setelah diketahui bahwa tanah berkembang terus menerus maka ditambah dengan waktu. Topografi atau relief yang mempengaruhi tata air dan erosi tanah juga merupakan factor pembentuk tanah (Hanafiah,2009d).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Topografi (relief) adalah perbedaan tinggi atau bentuk wilayah suatu daerah, termasuk perbedaan kecuraman dan bentuk lereng. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Peran topografi dalam proses genesis dan perkembangan profil tanah adalah melalui empat cara, yaitu lewat pengaruhnya dalam menentukan:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Jumlah air hujan yang dapat meresap atau disimpan oleh massa tanah</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Kedalaman air tanah</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Besarnya erosi yang dapat terjadi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Arah pergerakan air yang membawa bahan-bahan terlarut dari tempat yang tinggi ketempat yang rendah (Hanafiah, 2007)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kemiringan dan panjang lereng adalah dua unsur topografi yang paling penting pengaruhnya terhadap aliran permukaan dan erosi. Unsur lain yang mungkin berpengaruh adalah konfigurasi, keseragaman, dan arah lereng<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Hanafiah,2009e).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Warna tanah sering kita jumpai adalah warna kuning, merah, cokelat, putih, hitam serta warna-warna tanah antara warna tersebut. Menurut Khonke (1968) warna tanah itu tidak murni seperti halnya cokelat saja tetapi terdapat beberapa kumpulan bercak-bercak (Sutedjo, 1991).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 41.2pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">W</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">arna merupakan petunjuk untuk beberapa jenis tanah karena warna tanah dipengaruhi beberapa faktor seperti halnya kandungan bahan organik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Didaerah drainase yaang buruk yaitu daerah yang selalu tergenang air seluruh tanah berwarna abu-abu karena Fe dalam keadaan tereduksi sedangkan pada tanah yang tidak tergenang air maka Fe berada pada keadaan teroksidasi. Apabila tanah kadang-kadang basah dan kadang-kadang kering maka disamping warna abu-abu juga ada warna bercak-bercak karatan merah atau kuning yaitu tempat dimana udara dapat masuk. Adanya beberapa mineral dalam tanah membuat warna tanah lebih terang(Hardjowigeno,1991)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 39.8pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Warna gelap tanah umumnya disebabkan oleh kandungan bahan organik yang tinggi dari bahan organik<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang terdekomposisi. Jadi dengan cara praktis dapat dilihat (Hakim, 1986).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 39.8pt;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">III. KEADAAN UMUM<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>LOKASI</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">3.1. Letak Geografis dan Sistematis</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pelaksanaan praktikun pengamatan profil tanah di laksanakan</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">di Dusun Pangkajene, Desa Barugaya, Kecamatan Polongbangkeng Utara, Kabupaten Takalar yang terletak pada 05<sup>0 </sup>22’ 41,2’’ LS dan 119<sup>0</sup> 33’ 44BT.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Batas-batas daerah tempat praktikum untuk profil 1 :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sebelah utara<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: Desa Barugaya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sebelah timur<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: Desa Je’rabaka</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sebelah selatan : Desa Malolo</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">Sebelah barat <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: Desa Timbuseng</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">3.2 Tipe Iklim</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 4.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">T</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">ipe iklim</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> kabupaten Takalar yaitu tipe </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>C-3 (Oldeman), serta bulan basah dan kering masing-masing 5 - 6 bulan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Oleh karena itu , iklim merupakan factor yang amat penting dalam proses pembentukan tanah. Suhu serta curah hujan sangat berpengaruh terhadap intensitas reaksi fisik di dalam tanah. Daerah ini termasuk iklim C sesuai pembagian iklim Schmit Fergussen. Keadaan dilokasi ini<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>adalah C2-C3 dengan curah hujan rata-rata berkisar antara 800-2500 mm.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 4.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 4.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">3.3 Topografi </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada lokasi pengamatan profil tanah adalah lokasi yang mempunyai topografi atau bentuk wilayah datar serta topografi merupakan perbedaan tinggi atau bentuk wilayah suatu daerah yang dimana didalamnya termasuk perbedaan kecuraman dan bentuk lereng . Keadaan topografi di tempat pengambilan profil tanah adalah curam dengan persen kelerengannya adalah 8% - 15%.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Vegetasi</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Vegetasi pada tempat pengambilan sampel tanah di profil dalam adalah subur <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dengan tanaman utama berupa tanaman tebu, serta tanaman lain berupa kapuk. Sedangkan pada tempat pengambilan sampel tanah pada profil dangkal adalah vegetasinya sangat subur, dengan tanaman utama berupa tebu serta tanaman lainnya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 76.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;">IV. METODOLOGI</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">4.1 Tempat dan Waktu Pengamatan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pelaksanaan praktikun pengamatan profil tanah di laksanakan</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">di Dusun Pangkajene Kecamatan Polongbangkeng Kabupaten Takalar pada 26 September 2010 pukul 13.00WITA sampai selesai.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">4.2 Alat dan Bahan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Alat yang digunakan adalah cangkul, linggis, penggaris, cutter/pisau, meteran, ring sampel, papan, Isian Profil (DIP), kompas, dan GPS (Global Position System).</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Bahan yang digunakan adalah kantong plastik gula, contoh tanah dari daerah pengamatan, karet gelang dan kertas label.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Prosedur Kerja</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Adapun prosedur percobaan Profil Tanah adalah sebagai berikut :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">4.3.1 Pembuatan profil</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Lubang penampang harus besar</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Penggalian sampai bahan induk dan dalam pemeriksaan,dipilih sisi lubangpenampang yang mendapat sinar matahari</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Tidak menumpuk tanah bekas galian di atas sisi penampang pemeriksaan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Penampang pewakil adalah tanah yang belum mendapat gangguan,misalnya timbunan serta jauh dari pemukiman</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Jika berair,air yang berada di penampang harus dikeluarkan terlebih dahulu</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 250%; margin-left: 63.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Melakukan pengamatan pada sinar matahari yang cukup.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">4.3.2 Cara Pengambilan Sampel Tanah Utuh</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Meratakan dan membersihkan lapisan yang akan diambil, kemudian meletakan ring sampel tegak lurus (bagian runcing menghadap ke bawah) pada lapisan tanah tersebut.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Menekan ring sampel sampai ¾ bagiannya masuk ke dalam tanah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Meletakkan ring sampel lain tepat di atas ring sampel pertama, kemudian tekan lagi sampai bagian bawah dari ring sampel kedua masuk ke dlam tanah (10 cm).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Menggali ring sampel beserta tanah di dalamnya dengan skop atau linggis.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Memisahkan ring sampel II dari ring sampel I dengan hati–hati, kemudian potonglah kelebihan tanah yang ada pada permukaan dan bawa ring sampel ke permukaan rata dengan permukaan ring sampel.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Menutuplah ring sampel dengan plastik, lalu simpan dalam kotak khusus yang sudah disediakan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 63.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 63.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 63.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">4.3.3 Cara Pengambilan Sampel Tanah Terganggu</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Ambil tanah dengan sendok tanah atau pisau sesuai dengan lapisan yang akan diambil, mulailah dengan lapisan paling bawah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Memasukkan dalam kantong plastk yang telah di beri label</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">V. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">5.1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hasil</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 21.25pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Berdasarkan hasil pengamatan yang diperoleh di lapangan dapat dilihat pada tabel berikut ini :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tabel Hasil Pengamatan Profil Tanah di wilayah Takalar</span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 12.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 20.2pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 20.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.9pt;" valign="top" width="89"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Lapisan </span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 20.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.45pt;" valign="top" width="106"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">I</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 20.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.45pt;" valign="top" width="106"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">II</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 20.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.45pt;" valign="top" width="106"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">III</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 20.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.45pt;" valign="top" width="106"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">IV</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 41.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 41.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.9pt;" valign="top" width="89"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kedalaman lapisan (cm)</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 41.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.45pt;" valign="top" width="106"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">23</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 41.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.45pt;" valign="top" width="106"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">39</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 41.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.45pt;" valign="top" width="106"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">25</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 41.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.45pt;" valign="top" width="106"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">48</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 41.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 41.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.9pt;" valign="top" width="89"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Batasan lapisan</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 41.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.45pt;" valign="top" width="106"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Nyata</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 41.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.45pt;" valign="top" width="106"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Baur</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 41.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.45pt;" valign="top" width="106"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Baur</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 41.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.45pt;" valign="top" width="106"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Baur</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 40.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 40.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.9pt;" valign="top" width="89"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Topografi batas lapisan</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 40.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.45pt;" valign="top" width="106"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Berombak </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 40.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.45pt;" valign="top" width="106"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tidak teratur</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 40.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.45pt;" valign="top" width="106"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tidak teratur</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 40.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.45pt;" valign="top" width="106"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tidak teratur</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 82.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 82.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.9pt;" valign="top" width="89"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Warna (munsell)</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 82.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.45pt;" valign="top" width="106"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Black<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(2/1, 10 YR)</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 82.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.45pt;" valign="top" width="106"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Dark yellowish brown<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(3/4,10 YR)</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 82.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.45pt;" valign="top" width="106"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Dark olive gray<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(3/2, 5 Y)</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 82.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.45pt;" valign="top" width="106"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Olive (4/3,5Y)</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 41.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 41.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.9pt;" valign="top" width="89"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tekstur</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 41.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.45pt;" valign="top" width="106"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pasir</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 41.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.45pt;" valign="top" width="106"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Lempung pasir</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 41.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.45pt;" valign="top" width="106"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Lempung berliat</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 41.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.45pt;" valign="top" width="106"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Liat</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 20.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 20.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.9pt;" valign="top" width="89"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Struktur</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.45pt;" valign="top" width="106"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kasar</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.45pt;" valign="top" width="106"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Sedang</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.45pt;" valign="top" width="106"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Halus </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.45pt;" valign="top" width="106"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kasar </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 20.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 20.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.9pt;" valign="top" width="89"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Konsistensi</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.45pt;" valign="top" width="106"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Lepas</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.45pt;" valign="top" width="106"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">lepas</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.45pt;" valign="top" width="106"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Gembur </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.45pt;" valign="top" width="106"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tegak </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 20.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 20.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.9pt;" valign="top" width="89"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Karatan</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.45pt;" valign="top" width="106"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Fe</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.45pt;" valign="top" width="106"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Fe</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.45pt;" valign="top" width="106"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tidak ada</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.45pt;" valign="top" width="106"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tidak ada</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">5.2 Pembahasan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Berdasarkan hasil pengamatan maka pada <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>data <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>diperoleh kedalaman lapisan yang berbeda-beda.Pada lapisan 1 kedalamnnya 23 cm dengan batasan lapisan nyata dengan topografi batas lapisan berombak serta konsistensi tanah lepas. Pada warna (munsell) black, karena tanah pada lapisan ini banyak mengandung bahan organik yang berasal dari pelapukan tumbuhan yang ada dipermukaan tanah. Hal ini sesuai dengan pendapat Hanafiah(2009) yang menyatakan bahwa tanah yang banyak mengandung bahan organik merupakan tanah yang relative subur yang biasanya merupakan lapisan olah tanah bagi pertanian yang memungkinkan dapat tejadi keberhasilan usaha penanaman diatsnya.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pada profil 1 untuk lapisan pertama adalah 0-36 cm dan lapisan kedua 37-74 cm. Terjadinya perbedaan lapisan ini disebabkan karena beberapa faktor seperti pencucian tanah. Hal ini sesuai dengan pendapat Pairunan (1985) yang menyatakan bahwa “tiap profil sangat bervariatif kedalamannya.Hal ini bergantung pada faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya, seperti waktu, lokasi dan faktor pembentuknya.”</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Berdasarkan hasil pengamatan yang menunjukkan batas lapisan tanah, pada lapisan I dan lapisan II adalah baur. Hal ini dapat ditentukan dengan melihat warnanya hingga dapat dibedakan lapisan-lapisannya dan dilihat batas lapisannya. Hal ini sesuai pendapat Pairunan (19</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">85</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">), bahwa lapisan yang paling atas batasannya terlihat tegas. Hal ini disebabkan karena proses pelapukan sisa-sisa mikroorganisme yang mati dan berakumulasi di lapisan ini.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 71.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Topografi batasan lapisan pada lapisan I dan lapisan II adalah berombak. Ini terjadi karena kandungan tanahnya tidak sama. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 71.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tekstur pada lapisan I merupakan lempung berliat karena memiliki rasa yang dominan liat yaitu terasa halus,lengket dan dapat digulungsedangkan lapisan II merupakan liat berpasir karena pada saat dipegang terasa kasar, lici dan tidak dapat membentuk gulungan atau lempengan kontinu. Hal ini sesuai dengan pendapat Hanafiah (2009) yang menyatakan bahwa tanah bertekstur lempung berliat akan mempunyai partikel-partikel yang terasa agak halus, lengket dan bisa membentuk gulungan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 71.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dari hasil pengamatan struktur tanah pada lapisan I berstruktur sedang yang terbukti pada saat diletakkan ditelapak tangan tidak terlihat ukuran tanah yang dominan dan lapisan II struktur tanahnya halus. Hal ini</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">sesuai dengan pendapat </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">pendapat </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hanafiah (2009) </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">bahwa struktur tanah dapat diketahui dari kenampakan bentuk susunan prtikel-partikel tanah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 71.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Berdasarkan hasil pengamatan,konsistensi tanah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>lapisan I yaitu agak lekat dan lapisan II yaitu lekat. Konsistensi ini masuk dalam tipe konsistensi basah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada lapisan I mengandung Fe sedangkan untuk lapisan II mengandung MnKandungan karatan akan mempengaruhi warna tanah. Apabila tanah mengandung Fe atau Mn akan berwarna abu-abu. Hal ini terjadi karena adanya <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>proses oksidasi yang dapat terjadi karena adanya kandungan Mn dan Fe akan berpengaruh pada warna lapisan tersebut.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">VI. KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">6.1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kesimpulan</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Berdasarkan hasil pengamatan, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa pada profil ini lapisan pertama kedalamannya 0-36 cm terdapat karatan Fe,batas lapisan baur, topografi berombak, marnanya reddish brown, lempung berliat, struktur sedang, dan konsistensinya agak lekat sedangkan lapisan kedua kedalamannya </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">37-74</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"> cm dengan terdapat karatan Mn, batas lapisan baur, warna brown, tekstur liat berpasir, strukturnya halus dan konsistensinya lekat.</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Adapun faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pembentukan tanah yaitu iklim (khusus suhu dan curah hujan), pengaruh curah hujan, pengaruh temperatur, jasad hidup, bahan induk, topografi daerah, dan waktu yang diperlukan bahan induk untuk membentuk tanah</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">6.2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Saran</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Sebaiknya lahan tersebut dapat digunakan atau dimanfaatkan kembali sebagai tempat untuk menanam berbagai jenis tanaman yang dapat memberikan keuntungan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 216.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Anonim 1, 2010. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Faktor-faktor Pembentuk Tanah.</i></b> </span><a href="http://www.edu.net/"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">www.edu.net</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">. Akses tanggal 30 September 2010.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 216.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 216.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Anonim , 2009. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Profil Tanah.</i></b> </span><a href="http://www.edu.net/"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">www.edu.net</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">. Akses tanggal 30 September 2010.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 216.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 216.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hanafiah., K., A. 2007. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dasar-dasar Ilmu Tanah</i></b>. Rajawali Persada: Jakarta.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 216.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hanafiah., K., A. 2009. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dasar-dasar Ilmu Tanah</i></b>. Rajawali Persada: Jakarta.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 50%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 216.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 21.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 216.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.6pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Hakim, N., M. Y. Nyakpa, A. M. Lubis, S. G. Nugroho, M. R. Saul, M. A Daha, G. B. Hong,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>H. H. Bailey. 1986. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dasar-Dasar Ilmu Tanah</i></b>. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">U</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">niversitas Lampung</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">;</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Lampung.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 50%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 216.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.55pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 216.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Hardjowigeno. S. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1991</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ilmu Tanah</i></b>. Gajah Mada University Press</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">;</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Yogyakarta.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 216.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pairunan, A.K., J. L., Nanere, Arifin, S. R., Samosin, R., Tangkaisari, J. R. Lalopua, B., Ibrahim, Asmadi. 1985. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dasar-Dasar Ilmu Tanah</i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">.</i> Badan Kerja Sama Perguruan Tinggi Indonesia Bagian Timur</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Makassar.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sutedjo.1991. Dasar - Dasar Ilmu Tanah. Universitas Lampung.Lampung</span></div>Nur Akmal Abdullahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12009812217579462064noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3021558861706622751.post-40112121391536327802011-10-04T13:15:00.001-07:002011-10-04T13:15:10.795-07:00struktur tanah<!--[if !mso]> <style>
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">LABORATORIUM FISIKA TANAH</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">JURUSAN ILMU TANAH</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">FAKULTAS PERTANIAN</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">UNIVERSITAS HASANUDDIN</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">MAKASSAR</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">2010</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">1.2. Tujuan dan Kegunaan</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">Tujuan dari percobaan ini yaitu<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> untuk mengetahui bentuk, ukuran , dan tingkat perkembangan struktur tanah, kemantapan struktur dalam air dan kemantapan agregat terhadap tetesan air, serta faktor- faktor yang mempengaruhinya</span>.Sedangkan k<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">egunaan dilaksanakan percobaan ini adalah untuk mendapatkan pengetahuan dasar tentang cara penentuan struktur<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tanah dan keterikatan antara struktur tanah dengan usaha pertanian.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">II. TINJAUAN PUSTAKA</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">2.1 Struktur Tanah</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">Istilah struktur digunakan untuk mempertimbangkan susunan partikel. Struktur berhubungan dengan agregasi partikel utama tanah (pasir, debu, dan tanah liat). Menjadi partikel senyawa, atau kelompok patikel utama, yang dipisahkan dari agregat yang berdekatan dengan permukaan yang lemah. Struktur horison – horison profil tanah yang berbeda-beda merupakan ciri penting tanah seperti halnya warna, tekstur, atau komposisi kimia (Foth, 1994).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">Pada dasarnya yang dinamakan struktur tanah adalah penyusunan (arrangement) partikrl-partikel tanah primer seperti pair, debu, dan liat membentuk agregat dengan lainnya dibatasi oleh bidang belah alami yang lemah. Agregat yang terbentuk secara alami (natural aggregate) disebut ped, sedangkan istilah cold digunakan untuk bongkah tanah hasil pengolahan tanah misalnya. Dua istilah lain yang sering meragukan dengan ped adalah fragment dan conrection (konkresi). Fragment berarti ped yang pecah, konkresi terbentuk di dalam tanah akibat presipitasi garam-garam terlarut dan sering terbentuk akibat fluktuasi yang besar dari permukaan air tanah (Hakim, dkk, 1986).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">2.2 Pengaruh Struktur Tanah terhadap tanaman</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">Struktur memodifikasi pengaruh tekstur dalam hal hubungan kelembaban dan udara. Tersedianya hara tanaman, kegiatan jasad renik, dan pertumbuhan akar. Contoh yang baik terdapat pada tanah hitam Alabama dan Texas, yamg kandungan tanah liat plastisnya sangat tinggi yaitu sampai 60%, dan mempunyai nilai yang sangat terbatas untuk produksi struktur granular (butiran) (Foth, 1994).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">Menurut (Hakim, dkk, 1986) ada 4 bentuk utama struktur tanah,yaitu :</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 135.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -135.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Bentuk Lempung </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dimensi horizontal lebih berkembang dari vertikal, menghasilkan bentuk lempeng. Lempeng tebal disebut platy, sedangkan lempeng tipis disebut laminar.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 135.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 18.0pt 135.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -135.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Bentuk Prisma<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt 135.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sumbu vertical lebih brkembang dari lainnya, bagian samping agak datar (flat), menghasilkan bangunan bentuk pillar. Jika puncak ped adalah bulat disebut struktur coloumnar, jika datar disebut prisma.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt left 135.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Bentuk Gumpal</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 135.0pt; text-align: justify;">Perkembangan ketiga dimensi lebih kurang sama dengan ped-ped terbentuk sampai kubus dengan muka datar atau bulat. Jika muka datar dan pinggirannya bersudut tajam, maka struknya dinamakan gumpal bersudut.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt left 135.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Bentuk Spheroidal</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 135.0pt; text-align: justify;">Berbentuk bulat atau spheroidal dan semua sumbu lebih kurang sama panjangnya dengan muka tidak beraturan (irregular). Biasanya ukuran strukturnya kecil, agregat-agregat dari grup ini dinamakan granular relatif<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kurang porous, dan jika susunan granular sangat porous dinamakan remah (crumb).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">Keempat bentuk tersebut di atas akhirnya menghasilkan tujuh tipe struktur tanah yaitu granular, remah (crumb), lempeng (plate), gumpal, gumpal bersudut, prisma, dan columnar. Agregat selalu dalam tingkatan perubahan yang kontinue. Pembasahan, pengeringan, pengolahan tanah dan aktivitas biologis,semuanya berperan dalam pengrusakan dan pembangunan agregat-agregat tanah. Struktur lapisan dengan dipengaruhi oleh pengolahan praktis dan dimana aerasi dan drainase membatasi pertumbuhan tanaman, seperti pertanaman yang mampu menjaga kemantapan aggregasi tanah akan membentuk hasil yang tinggi bagi produksi pertanian (Hakim, dkk, 1986).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">Menurut (Anonim,2009) tingkat perkembangan struktur dapat digolongkan dalam empat kelas, yaitu :</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Tanpa struktur ; tidak teragregasi, partikel tanah lepas satu sama lain atau massif.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Perkembangan lemah ; banyak ped yang sempurna terlihat, masih muda menjadi campuran ped yang tidak jelas bersama bahan-bahan yang tidak beragregasi.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Perkembangan sedang ; banyak ped yang sempurna terlihat, masih muda menjadi campuran ped yang tidak jelas bersama-sama bahan yang tidak teragregasi.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Pembentukan kuat dan strukturnya mantap ; ped-ped tanah jelas kelihatan dan dijumpai bila tanah tidak terganggu.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">I. PENDAHULUAN</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">1.1. Latar Belakang</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">Sturktur tanah menggambarkan cara bersatunya partikel-partikel primer tanah yaitu pasir, debu, dan liat menjadi butir-butir (agregat) tanah. Agregat yang terbentuk secara alami dinamakan ped. Struktur tanah dijelaskan dalam bentuk, ukuran, dan tingkatan perkembangan ped.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Struktur tanah memiliki banyak tipe, dimana setiap tipe tesebut <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan masing-masing mempunyai sifat yang berbeda-beda antara tipe yang satu dengan tipe yang lainnya. Setiap tanahpun punya tingkatan perkembangan struktur yang berbeda-beda. Ukuran dari setiap struktur dapat dibedakan dalam beberapa kelas yaitu sangat halus, halus, medium, kasar, dan sangat kasar.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Struktur merupakan salah satu sifat tanah yang sangat penting selain tekstur. Struktur tanah menentukan Bulk Density, Partikel Density, Porositas dari tanah. Tingi rendahnya nilai Bulk Density, Partikel density, dan Porositas suatu bergantung pada keadaan strukturnya. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kadar air tanah untuk tanaman pun juga sangat dipengaruhi oleh kelas struktur tanah tersebut. Tanah dengan struktur yang kasar biasanya tidak cocok untuk lahan pertanian, karena kurang baik dalam hal penyerapan air tanah sebagai simpanan dalam tanah untuk digunakan oleh pertumbuhan dan perkembangan tanaman.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Berdasarkan uraian di atas, maka praktikum tentang struktur tanah perlu dilakukan agar sifat – sifat tanah yang lainnya dapat lebih dimengerti.</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">III. METODOLOGI PERCOBAAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">3.1.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tempat dan Waktu</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">Praktikum Struktur Tanah dilaksanakan di LaboratoriumKimia Tanah, Jurusan Ilmu Tanah, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Praktikum ini dilaksanakan pada hari Rabu, 13 Oktober 2010, pada pukul 13.00 WITA-selesai.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">3.2.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Alat dan Bahan</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">Alat yang digunakan pada praktikum Struktur Tanah adalah saringan kawat, cawan Petridis, buret, gelas piala, botol semprot pipet tetes dan stopwatch</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2.0cm;">Bahan yang digunakan pada praktikum Struktur Tanah adalah 3 butir agregat tanah dari sampel tanah terganggu 1 dan sampel tanah terganggu 2 serta air.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 2.0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">3.3.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Prosedur Kerja</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2.0cm;">Prosedur kerja Struktur Tanah adalah sebagai berikut :</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Praktek 1</b>. Mengenal Bentuk, Ukuran, dan Tingkat Perkembangan Struktur.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">1.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Amatilah bentuk, ukuran, dan tingkat perkembangan struktur tanah dengan menggunakan mata biasa, maupun dengan menggunakan kaca pembesar.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Praktek 2</b>. Kemantapan Struktur dalam Air</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">1.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Taruh air destilata dalam cawan Petridis.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Selanjutnya pilih 3 butir agregat tahah yang representative ( < 2 mm ) dan masukkan dengan hati-hati ke dalam air pada cawan petridis tersebut.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Amati keutuhan tanah setelah beberapa lama.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Praktek 3</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kemantapan Agregat terhadap Tetesan Air</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">1.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Letakkan 3 butir tanah berukuran seekitar 1- 2 mm di atas saringan dari kawat yang ditaruh di atas gelas piala.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Basahi agregat-agregat dengan air dengan menggunakan cawan Petridis, biarkan 10 menit agar pembasahan merata.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tetesi agregat-agregat tersebut dengan air dari buret yang dipasang 20 cm di atas saringan.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Menghitung jumlah tetesan yang diperlukan untuk menghancurkan agregat-agregat tanah tersebut.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><br />
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</div>Nur Akmal Abdullahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12009812217579462064noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3021558861706622751.post-10210633307404058752011-10-04T13:13:00.000-07:002011-10-04T13:13:06.504-07:00porositas<!--[if !mso]> <style>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">I. PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">1.1. </b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Latar Belakang</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tanah dapat dipandang sebagai suatu sistem tiga fase, yaitu terdiri dari fase padat, cair dan gas. Fase padat terdiri dari campuran bahan-bahan mineral (anorganik) dan bahan-bahan organik. Fase cair berada sebagai selaput tipis </span>di <span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">sekeliling butiran fase padat dan sebagian lagi menempati pori-pori berukuran kecil. Fase gas menempati pori-pori yang berukuran besar bila tidak ditempati oleh air (terisi air).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tanah yang mengandung terlalu banyak liat mungkin mempunyai kemampuan tinggi menyimpan air, akan tetapi peredaran udara dalam tanah atau aerasi tidak baik. Penambahan bahan-bahan organik membantu masalah kekurangan air pada tanah berpasir. Bahan organik membantu mengikat butiran liat membentuk ikatan butiran yang lebih besar sehingga memperbesar ruang-ruang udara di antara ikatan butiran tanah.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Porositas perlu diketahui karena merupakan gambaran aerasi dan drainase tanah. Banyaknya ukuran pori-pori tanah memegang peranan penting dalam mekanisme penyerapan air dalam tanah, sifat-sifat porositas dapat berpengaruh bagi pertumbuhan dan perkembangan organisme yang dibudidayakan karena didalam tanah terdapat sejumlah ruang pori yang saling berkaitan satu dengan yang lainnya.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kelancaran aerasi dan drainase tanah sangat tergantung pada pori tanah yang terdapat pada tanah tersebut. Tanah yang mempunyai tingkat porositas yang tinggi akan mendatangkan aerasi dan drainase yang lebih lancar bila dibandingkan dengan tanah yang mempunyai porositas yang lebih rendah. Untuk menentukan tingkat porositas tersebut perlu diadakan analisa terhadap tanah tentang bulk density dan parti</span>cle<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> density. Berdasarkan kepada nilai bulk density dan parti</span>cle<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> density inilah dapat ditentukan tingkat porositas satu tanah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Berdasarkan uraian di atas, maka perlu diadakan percobaan tentang porositas tanah untuk mengetahui tingkat porositas dari tanah yang diambil, sebab porositas tanah mempengaruhi aerasi dan drainase tanah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">1.2. Tujuan dan Kegunaan </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tujuan dari praktikum porositas tanah adalah untuk mengetahui porositas tanah pada tanah alfisol serta faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kegunaan dari praktikum porositas tanah adalah sebagai bahan informasi untuk pengolahan tanah lebih lanjut berdasarkan nilai porositasnya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">II. TINJAUAN PUSTAKA</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Pori-pori tanah adalah bagian yang tidak terisi bahan padat (terisi oleh udara dan air). Pori-pori tanah dapat dibedakan menjadi pori-pori kasar (macro pore) dan pori-pori halus (micro pore). Pori-pori kasar berisi udara atau air gravitasi (air yang mudah hilang karena gaya gravitasi), sedang pori-pori halus berisi air kapiler atau udara. Tanah-tanah pasir mempunyai pori-pori kasar lebih banyak daripada tanah liat. Tanah dengan banyak pori-pori kasar sulit menahan air sehingga tanaman mudah kekeringan. Tanah-tanah liat mempunyai pori-pori total (jumlah pori-pori makro + mikro), lebih tinggi daripada tanah pasir (Hardjowigeno, 2003).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pada umumnya pori-pori besar (makro) berisi udara, kecuali bila tanah seluruhnya tergenang air, dan pori-pori kecil (mikro) berisi air, kecuali bila tanah sangat kering. Porositas tanah adalah persentase volume tanah yang tidak ditempati butiran padat (Pairunan dkk, 1997).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tanah dengan struktur</span><span lang="IN"> </span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">remah</span> atau kersai umumnya <span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">mempunyai porositas yang besar.</span> Pengolahan tanah untuk sementara waktu dapat memperbesar porositas, namun dalam jangka waktu yang lama akan menyebabkan menurunnya porositas. Oleh karena itu untuk memperbesar porositas tanah tindakan yang perlu dilakukan adalah dengan penambahan bahan organik atau melakukan pengolahan tanah minimum. Pengolahan tanah akan menyebabkan rusaknya struktur tanah. Nilai porositas dapat diperoleh dari nilai bulk density dan particle density <span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">(Anonim, 200</span>7<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Inti tanah yang digunakan untuk penentuan kerapatan lindak dapat juga digunakan untuk menentukan ruangan pori total. Untuk menentukan ruangan pori, inti diletakkan pada sepanci air sampai jenuhnya dan kemudian inti ditimbang. Perbedaan bobot antara inti jenuh dan inti kering oven mewakili volume air yang sama dengan volume ruangan pori pada tanah (Foth, 1994).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ruangan pori total pada tanah berpasir mungkin rendah, tetapi sebagian besar tersusun dari pori-pori besar yang sangat efisien untuk pergerakan air dan udara. Persentase volume yang diisi oleh pori-pori kecil pada tanah berpasir adalah rendah, yang menjadi penyebab rendahnya kapasitas penahan air. Sebaliknya tanah permukaan yang bertekstur halus mempunyai ruangan pori total lebih banyak, dan relatif sebagian besar tersusun dari pori-pori kecil. Hasilnya adalah tanah dengan kapasitas menahan air yang lebih tinggi (Foth, 1994).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">III. BAHAN DAN METODE</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">3.1. Waktu dan Tempat</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Praktikum </span>porositas <span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">dilaksanakan pada hari Senin, </span>23<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span>April<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> 2007, Pukul 13.00 WITA sampai selesai di Laboratorium Fisika Tanah, Jurusan Ilmu Tanah, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">3.2. Alat dan Bahan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Alat-alat yang digunakan pada praktikum ini adalah ring sampel, penggaris, timbangan,</span> dan<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> gelas ukur.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Bahan-bahan yang digunakan pada praktikum ini adalah </span>sampel tanah utuh dari tanah Alfisols dan air.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">3.3. Prosedur kerja</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.55pt;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Prosedur kerja dari praktikum bulk density adalah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: -8.5pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/RHYAKMAL/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Menghitung nilai bulk density dan parti</span>cle<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> density </span>contoh<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> tanah.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 2.55pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/RHYAKMAL/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Menghitung porositas dengan persamaa</span>n: </div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 2.55pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="mso-text-raise: -7.0pt; position: relative; top: 7.0pt;"><img height="29" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/RHYAKMAL/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="142" /></span><span style="font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">IV. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">4.1. Hasil</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Berdasarkan </span>hasil<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> pegamatan yang telah dilakukan pada praktikum bulk density maka diperoleh hasil sebagai berikut:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 32.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -32.2pt;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tabe</span>l <span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Hasil Perhitungan Bulk Density</span>,<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Parti</span>cle<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span lang="IN">Density dan Porositas Tanah pada</span></span><span lang="IN"> </span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Lapisan I dan II Tanah Alfisol.</span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 5.4pt; width: 482px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 34.45pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="background: #5BD4FF; border: solid #00B0F0 1.0pt; height: 34.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid #00B0F0 .5pt; mso-pattern: gray-75 #5BD4FF; mso-shading: #5BD4FF; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.45pt;" width="89"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -8.5pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Lapisan</span></b></div></td> <td style="background: #5BD4FF; border-left: none; border: solid #00B0F0 1.0pt; height: 34.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid #00B0F0 .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #00B0F0 .5pt; mso-pattern: gray-75 #5BD4FF; mso-shading: #5BD4FF; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 103.65pt;" width="138"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -8.5pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Bulk density</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -8.5pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">(g/cm<sup>3</sup>)</span></b></div></td> <td style="background: #5BD4FF; border-left: none; border: solid #00B0F0 1.0pt; height: 34.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid #00B0F0 .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #00B0F0 .5pt; mso-pattern: gray-75 #5BD4FF; mso-shading: #5BD4FF; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;" width="142"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -8.5pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Parti</span>cle</b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> density</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -8.5pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">(g/cm<sup>3</sup>)</span></b></div></td> <td style="background: #5BD4FF; border-left: none; border: solid #00B0F0 1.0pt; height: 34.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid #00B0F0 .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #00B0F0 .5pt; mso-pattern: gray-75 #5BD4FF; mso-shading: #5BD4FF; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -8.5pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Porositas (%)</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.6pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid #00B0F0 1.0pt; height: 13.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid #00B0F0 .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #00B0F0 .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.45pt;" width="89"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: -8.5pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">I</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #00B0F0 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #00B0F0 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid #00B0F0 .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #00B0F0 .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #00B0F0 .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 103.65pt;" width="138"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -8.5pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">1,196</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #00B0F0 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #00B0F0 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid #00B0F0 .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #00B0F0 .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #00B0F0 .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;" valign="top" width="142"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">3,64</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #00B0F0 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #00B0F0 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid #00B0F0 .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #00B0F0 .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #00B0F0 .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: -8.5pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%;">67</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.6pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid #00B0F0 1.0pt; height: 13.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid #00B0F0 .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #00B0F0 .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.45pt;" width="89"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: -8.5pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">II</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #00B0F0 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #00B0F0 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid #00B0F0 .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #00B0F0 .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #00B0F0 .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 103.65pt;" width="138"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -8.5pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">1,18</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #00B0F0 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #00B0F0 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid #00B0F0 .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #00B0F0 .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #00B0F0 .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;" valign="top" width="142"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">2,86</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #00B0F0 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #00B0F0 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid #00B0F0 .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #00B0F0 .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #00B0F0 .5pt; mso-height-rule: exactly; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: -8.5pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%;">58,7</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: -8.5pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sumber : Data Primer setelah Diolah, 200</span>7</i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.0pt; margin-right: -8.5pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -49.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.0pt; margin-right: -8.5pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -49.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">4.2. Pembahasan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Berdasarkan hasil</span> perhitungan<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> yang diperoleh diatas, maka diketahui bahwa nilai porositas pada lapisan I merupakan yang tertinggi yaitu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>67<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">%. Hal ini terjadi karena pada lapisan ini bahan organik yang dimilikinya tinggi dan nilai bulk densitynya rendah sehingga nilai porositasnya tinggi.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hal ini sesuai dengan pendapat Hardjowigeno (</span>2003<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">), bahwa porositas tanah dipengaruhi oleh kandungan bahan organik tanah, struktur dan tekstur tanah. Porositas tanah tinggi j</span>i<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">ka bahan organiknya tinggi.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tanah-tanah dengan struktur granular atau remah, mempunyai porositas yang lebih tinggi daripada tanah-tanah dengan tekstur massive. Tanah dengan tekstur pasir banyak mempunyai pori-pori makro sehingga sulit menahan air.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tanah pada lapisan II memiliki nilai porositas yang lebih rendah dari lapisan I</span> yaitu sebesar 58,7%.<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Hal ini disebabkan karena pada lapisan ini memiliki tekstur yang liat dan persentase liat yang lebih rendah dibandingkan lapisan lain. Dimana nilai porositas tanah juga dipengaruhi oleh tekstur. Hal ini sesuai dengan pendapat Foth (1994), bahwa ruangan pori total pada tanah berpasir mungkin rendah, tetapi sebagian besar tersusun dari pori-pori besar yang sangat efisien untuk pergerakan air dan udara. Persentase volume yang diisi oleh pori-pori kecil pada tanah berpasir adalah rendah, yang menjadi penyebab rendahnya kapasitas penahanan air. Sebaliknya, tanah permukaan yang bertekstur halus mempunyai ruangan pori total yang lebih banyak, dan relatif sebagian besar tersusun dari pori-pori kecil.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.0pt; margin-right: -8.5pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -49.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.0pt; margin-right: -8.5pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -49.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.0pt; margin-right: -8.5pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -49.0pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.0pt; margin-right: -8.5pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -49.0pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.0pt; margin-right: -8.5pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -49.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.0pt; margin-right: -8.5pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -49.0pt;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">V.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: justify;"><b>5.1. </b><b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kesimpulan</span></b></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Berdasarkan hasil yang diperoleh pada praktikum penetapan nilai </span>porositas tanah<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">, maka dapat ditarik kesimpulan sebagai berikut :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 18.0pt 48.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/RHYAKMAL/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Nilai porositas tanah pada lapisan I adalah </span>67<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">%.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 18.0pt 48.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/RHYAKMAL/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Nilai porositas tanah pada lapisan II adalah </span>58,7<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">%.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/RHYAKMAL/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi porositas tanah adalah kandungan bahan organik, struktur, tekstur dan butiran padat tanah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">5.2. Saran</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sebaiknya sebelum pengambilan keputusan dalam hal pengelolaan dan pengolahan tanah hendaknya diperhatikan sifat-sifat fisik tanah dalam hal ini porositas tanah agar diperoleh rekomendasi yang tepat untuk pengolahan tanah selanjutnya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.0pt; margin-right: -8.5pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -49.0pt;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Anonim,</span><span lang="IN"> </span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">200</span>7. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Penuntun Praktikum Dasar-dasar Ilmu Tanah.</span></i><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Jurusan Ilmu Tanah, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: dotted 9.0cm 12.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Foth, Henry D., 1994. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dasar-Dasar Ilmu Tanah</i>. Gajah Mada University Press, Yogakarta.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Hardjowigeno. S, </span>2003<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ilmu Tanah</i>. </span>Penerbit Akademika Pressindo<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">, Jakarta.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: dotted 9.0cm 12.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pairunan A.K, .L. Nanere, Arifin, Solo S.R. Samosir, R. Tangkaisari, J. L. Lalopua, B. Ibrahim dan H. Asmadi, 1997. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dasar-Dasar Ilmu Tanah</i>. Badan Kerjasama Perguruan Tinggi Negeri Bagian Timur, Makassar.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 300%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><b>LAMPIRAN</b></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><b>Hasil Perhitungan Porositas pada Lapisan I dan II Tanah Alfisols</b></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-left: 18.2pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 17.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/RHYAKMAL/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Lapisan I</span></b></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="tab-stops: 60.0pt 186.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">Dik:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Bulk Density <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= 1,196 g/cm<sup>3</sup></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="tab-stops: 60.0pt 186.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Particle Density<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= 3,64 g/cm<sup>3</sup></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 60.0pt 234.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">Dit:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Porositas ……..?</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 60.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">Peny:</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-left: 60.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 60.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/RHYAKMAL/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Porositas<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= <span style="mso-text-raise: -22.5pt; position: relative; top: 22.5pt;"><img height="49" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/RHYAKMAL/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" width="187" /></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-left: 60.0pt; tab-stops: 60.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>= <span style="mso-text-raise: -22.0pt; position: relative; top: 22.0pt;"><img height="48" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/RHYAKMAL/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" width="124" /></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-left: 108.5pt; tab-stops: 60.0pt 107.8pt; text-indent: 0cm;">= <span style="mso-text-raise: -17.5pt; position: relative; top: 17.5pt;"><img height="38" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/RHYAKMAL/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" width="122" /></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-left: 108.5pt; tab-stops: 60.0pt 107.8pt; text-indent: 0cm;">= 67%</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-left: 18.2pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 17.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/RHYAKMAL/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Lapisan II</span></b></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="tab-stops: 60.0pt 186.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">Dik:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Bulk Density <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= 1,18 g/cm<sup>3</sup></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="tab-stops: 60.0pt 186.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Particle Density<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= 2,86 g/cm<sup>3</sup></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 60.0pt 234.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">Dit:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Porositas ……..?</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 60.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">Peny:</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-left: 60.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 60.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/RHYAKMAL/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Porositas<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= <span style="mso-text-raise: -22.5pt; position: relative; top: 22.5pt;"><img height="49" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/RHYAKMAL/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" width="187" /></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-left: 60.0pt; tab-stops: 60.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>= <span style="mso-text-raise: -22.0pt; position: relative; top: 22.0pt;"><img height="48" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/RHYAKMAL/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image013.gif" width="118" /></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-left: 108.5pt; tab-stops: 60.0pt 107.8pt; text-indent: 0cm;">= <span style="mso-text-raise: -17.5pt; position: relative; top: 17.5pt;"><img height="38" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/RHYAKMAL/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image015.gif" width="131" /></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-left: 108.5pt; tab-stops: 60.0pt 107.8pt; text-indent: 0cm;">= 58,7%</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 60.0pt 234.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div>Nur Akmal Abdullahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12009812217579462064noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3021558861706622751.post-20354525452360627542011-09-22T11:58:00.001-07:002011-09-22T11:58:33.887-07:00KONDUKTOR DAN ISOLATOR<!--[if !mso]> <style>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Makalah</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Rangkaian Listrik dan Elektronika</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>KONDUKTOR DAN ISOLATOR </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 184.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 177.2pt 184.3pt; text-indent: -99.25pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 7.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 191.4pt 7.0cm; text-indent: -99.25pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">NAMA <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>NUR AKMAL ABDULLAH</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 7.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 191.4pt 7.0cm; text-indent: -99.25pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">NIM <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>G 411 09 014</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 7.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 191.4pt 7.0cm; text-indent: -99.25pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">KELOMPOK <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>VI<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(enam)</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">LABORATORIUM ELEKTRONIKA DAN INSTRUMENTASI TEKNIK</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">PROGRAM STUDI KETEKNIKAN PERTANIAN</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">JURUSAN TEKNOLOGI PERTANIAN</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">FAKULTAS PERTANIAN</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">UNIVERSITAS HASANUDDIN</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">2010</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -14.75pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">I.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Konduktor</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Konduktor merupakan benda yang mampu menghantarkan panas.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> Bahan-bahan penghantar adalah bahan yang memiliki banyak elektron bebas pada kulit terluar orbit. Elektron bebas ini akan sangat berpengaruh pada sifat bahan tersebut. Jika suatu bahan listrik memiliki banyak elektron bebas pada orbit-orbit elektron, bahan ini memiliki sifat sebagai penghantar listrik.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">I</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">.1 Jenis Bahan Konduktor</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
Bahan-bahan yang dipakai untuk konduktor harus memenuhi persyaratan-persyaratan sebagai berikut:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
1. Konduktifitasnya cukup baik.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
2. Kekuatan mekanisnya (kekuatan tarik) cukup tinggi.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
3. Koefisien muai panjangnya kecil.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
4. Modulus kenyalnya (modulus elastisitas) cukup besar.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
Bahan-bahan yang biasa digunakan sebagai konduktor, antara lain:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
1. Logam biasa, seperti: tembaga, aluminium, besi, dan sebagainya.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
2. Logam campuran (alloy), yaitu sebuah logam dari tembaga atau aluminium yang diberi campuran dalam jumlah tertentu dari logam jenis lain, yang gunanya untuk menaikkan kekuatan mekanisnya.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
3. Logam paduan (composite), yaitu dua jenis logam atau lebih yang dipadukan dengan cara kompresi, peleburan (smelting) atau pengelasan (welding).</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
</span><span class="fullpost"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">I</span></b></span><span class="fullpost"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">.2 Klasifikasi Konduktor</span></b></span><span class="fullpost"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
</span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">I</span></span><span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">.2.1 Klasifikasi konduktor menurut bahannya:</span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
<span class="fullpost">1. kawat logam biasa, contoh: </span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
<span class="fullpost">a. BBC (Bare Copper Conductor).</span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
<span class="fullpost">b. AAC (All Aluminum Alloy Conductor).</span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
<span class="fullpost">2. kawat logam campuran (Alloy), contoh: </span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
<span class="fullpost">a. AAAC (All Aluminum Alloy Conductor)b. kawat logam paduan (composite), seperti: kawat baja berlapis tembaga (Copper Clad Steel) dan kawat baja berlapis aluminium (Aluminum Clad Steel).</span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
<span class="fullpost">3. kawat lilit campuran, yaitu kawat yang lilitannya terdiri dari dua jenis logam atau lebih,</span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
<span class="fullpost">contoh: ASCR (Aluminum Cable Steel Reinforced).</span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
</span><span class="fullpost"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">I</span></b></span><span class="fullpost"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">.2.2 Klasifikasi konduktor</span></b></span><span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> menurut konstruksinya:</span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
<span class="fullpost">1. kawat padat (solid wire) berpenampang bulat.</span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
<span class="fullpost">2. kawat berlilit (standart wire) terdiri 7 sampai dengan 61 kawat padat yang dililit menjadi satu, biasanya berlapis dan konsentris.3. kawat berongga (hollow conductor) adalah kawat berongga yang dibuat untuk mendapatkan garis tengah luar yang besar.</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
<span class="fullpost">1.2.3. Klasifikasi konduktor menurut bentuk fisiknya:</span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
<span class="fullpost">1. konduktor telanjang.</span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
<span class="fullpost">2. konduktor berisolasi, yang merupakan konduktor telanjang dan pada bagian luarnya diisolasi sesuai dengan peruntukan tegangan kerja, contoh: </span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
<span class="fullpost">a. Kabel twisted.</span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
<span class="fullpost">b. Kabel NYY</span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
<span class="fullpost">c. Kabel NYCY</span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
<span class="fullpost">d. Kabel NYFGBY</span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>1.3 Karakteristik Konduktor</b></span></span><span class="fullpost"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
<span class="fullpost">Ada 2 (dua) jenis karakteristik konduktor, yaitu:</span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
<span class="fullpost">1. karakteristik mekanik, yang menunjukkan keadaan fisik dari konduktor yang menyatakan kekuatan tarik </span></span><span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">2</span></span></span><span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">dari pada konduktor (dari SPLN 41-8:1981, untuk konduktor 70 mm<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>C, maka kemampuan maksimal dari</span></span><span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">°</span></span></span><span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">berselubung AAAC-S pada suhu sekitar 30 konduktor untuk menghantar arus adalah 275 A).</span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
<span class="fullpost">2. karakteristik listrik, yang menunjukkan kemampuan dari konduktor terhadap arus listrik yang melewatinya (dari SPLN 41-10 : 1991, untuk konduktor 70 mm2 berselubung AAAC-S pada suhu sekitar 30o C, maka kemampuan maksimum dari konduktor untuk menghantar arus adalah 275 A).</span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
<span class="fullpost"><b>1.3.1 Konduktivitas listrik</b> </span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
<span class="fullpost">Sifat daya hantar listrik material dinyatakan dengan konduktivitas, yaitu kebalikan dari resistivitas atau tahanan jenis penghantar, dimana tahanan jenis penghantar tersebut didefinisikan sebagai: </span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
<span class="fullpost">R= ρl/A</span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
<span class="fullpost">dimana;</span><br />
<span class="fullpost">A : luas penampang (m2) </span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
<span class="fullpost">l : Panjang penghantar (m) </span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
<span class="fullpost">Ώ : tahanan jenis penghantar (ohm.m) </span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
<span class="fullpost">R : tahanan penghantar (ohm) </span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
<span class="fullpost">ρ : konduktivitas </span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
<span class="fullpost">Menyatakan kemudahan – kemudahan suatu material untuk meneruskan arus listrik. Satuan konduktivitas adalah (ohm meter). Konduktivitas merupakan sifat listrik yang diperlukan dalam berbagai pemakaian sebagai penghantar tenaga listrik dan mempunyai rentang harga yang sangat luas. Logam atau material yang merupakan penghantar listrik yang baik, memiliki konduktivitas listrik dengan orde 107 (ohm.meter) -1 dan sebaliknya material isolator memiliki konduktivitas yang sangat rendah, yaitu antara 10-10 sampai dengan 10-20 (ohm.m)-1. Diantara kedua sifat ekstrim tersebut, ada material semi konduktor yang konduktivitasnya berkisar antara 10-6 sampai dengan 10-4 (ohm.m)-1. Berbeda pada kabel tegangan rendah, pada kabel tegangan menengah untuk pemenuhan fungsi penghantar dan pengaman terhadap penggunaan, ketiga jenis atau sifat konduktivitas tersebut diatas digunakan semuanya.</span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
<span class="fullpost">Logam Konduktivitas listrik ohm meter </span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
<span class="fullpost">Perak ( Ag ) ………………………. 6,8 x 107</span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
<span class="fullpost">Tembaga ( Cu ) ………………….. 6,0 x 107</span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
<span class="fullpost">Emas ( Au ) …………………….. .. 4,3 x 107</span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
<span class="fullpost">Alumunium ( Ac ) ………………. .. 3,8 x 107</span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
<span class="fullpost">Kuningan ( 70% Cu – 30% Zn )… 1,6 x 107</span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
<span class="fullpost">Besi ( Fe ) ………………………… 1,0 x 107</span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
<span class="fullpost">Baja karbon ( Ffe – C ) …………. 0,6 x 107</span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
<span class="fullpost">Baja tahan karat ( Ffe – Cr ) …… 0,2 x 107</span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
<span class="fullpost">Tabel 1. Konduktivitas Listrik Berbagai Logam dan Paduannya Pada Suhu Kamar.</span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
<span class="fullpost">1.3.2 Kriteria mutu penghantar </span></span></b><span class="fullpost"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
<span class="fullpost">Konduktivitas logam penghantar sangat dipengaruhi oleh unsur – unsur pemadu, impurity atau ketidaksempurnaan dalam kristal logam, yang ketiganya banyak berperan dalam proses pembuatan pembuatan penghantar itu sendiri. Unsur – unsur pemandu selain mempengaruhi konduktivitas listrik, akan mempengaruhi sifat – sifat mekanika dan fisika lainnya. Logam murni memiliki konduktivitas listrik yang lebih baik dari pada yang lebih rendah kemurniannya. Akan tetapi kekuatan mekanis logam murni adalah rendah.</span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
<span class="fullpost">Penghantar tenaga listrik, selain mensyaratkan konduktivitas yang tinggi juga membutuhkan sifat mekanis dan fisika tertentu yang disesuaikan dengan penggunaan penghantar itu sendiri.</span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
<span class="fullpost">Selain masalah teknis, penggunaan logam sebagai penghantar ternyata juga sangat ditentukan oleh nilai ekonomis logam tersebut dimasyarakat. Sehingga suatu kompromi antara nilai teknis dan ekonomi logam yang akan digunakan mutlak diperhatikan. Nilai kompromi termurahlah yang akan menentukan logam mana yang akan digunakan. Pada saat ini, logam Tembaga dan Aluminium adalah logam yang terpilih diantara jenis logam penghantar lainnya yang memenuhi nilai kompromi teknis ekonomis termurah.</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
<span class="fullpost">Dari jenis–jenis logam penghantar pada tabel 1. diatas, tembaga merupakan penghantar yang paling lama digunakan dalam bidang kelistrikan. Pada tahun 1913, oleh International Electrochemical Comission (IEC) ditetapkan suatu standar yang menunjukkan daya hantar kawat tembaga yang kemudian dikenal sebagai International Annealed Copper Standard (IACS). Standar tersebut menyebutkan bahwa untuk kawat tembaga yang telah dilunakkan dengan proses anil (annealing), mempunyai panjang 1m dan luas penampang 1mm2, serta mempunyai tahanan listrik (resistance) tidak lebih dari 0.017241 ohm pada suhu 20oC, dinyatakan mempunyai konduktivitas listrik 100% IACS.</span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
<span class="fullpost">Akan tetapi dengan kemajuan teknologi proses pembuatan tembaga yang dicapai dewasa ini, dimana tingkat kemurnian tembaga pada kawat penghantar jauh lebih tinggi jika dibandingkan pada tahun 1913, maka konduktivitas listrik kawat tembaga sekarang ini bisa mencapai diatas 100% IACS.</span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
<span class="fullpost">Untuk kawat Aluminium, konduktivitas listriknya biasa dibandingkan terhadap standar kawat tembaga. Menurut standar ASTM B 609 untuk kawat aluminium dari jenis EC grade atau seri AA 1350(*), konduktivitas listriknya berkisar antara 61.0 – 61.8% IACS, tergantung pada kondisi kekerasan atau temper. Sedangkan untuk kawat penghantar dari paduan aluminium seri AA 6201, menurut standar ASTM B 3988 persaratan konduktivitas listriknya tidak boleh kurang dari 52.5% IACS. Kawat penghantar 6201 ini biasanya digunakan untuk bahan kabel dari jenis All Aluminium Alloy Conductor (AAAC).</span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
<span class="fullpost">Disamping persyaratan sifat listrik seperti konduktivitas listrik diatas, kriteria mutu lainnya yang juga harus dipenuhi meliputi seluruh atau sebagian dari sifat – sifat atau kondisi berikut ini, yaitu:</span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
<span class="fullpost">a. komposisi kimia.</span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
<span class="fullpost">b. sifat tarik seperti kekuatan tarik (tensile strength) dan regangan tarik (elongation).</span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
<span class="fullpost">c. sifat bending.</span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
<span class="fullpost">d. diameter dan variasi yang diijinkan. </span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
<span class="fullpost">e. kondisi permukaan kawat harus bebas dari cacat, dan lain-lain.</span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">I.4 </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Sifat Bahan Konduktor</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
Bahan penghantar memiliki sifat-sifat penting, yaitu:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">I.4.1</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Daya Hantar Listrik</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
Arus yang mengalir dalam suatu penghantar selalu mengalami hambatan dari penghantar itu sendiri. Besar hambatan tersebut tergantung dari bahannya. Besar hambatan tiap meternya dengan luas penampang 1mm2 pada temperatur200C dinamakan hambatan jenis. Besarnya hambatan jenis suatu bahan dapat dihitung dengan menggunakan persamaan :</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
<span class="fullpost">R= ρl/A</span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
<span class="fullpost">dimana :</span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
<span class="fullpost">R : Hambatan dalam penghantar, satuanya ohm (Ω)</span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
<span class="fullpost">ρ : hambatan jenis bahan, dalam satuan ohm.mm2/m</span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
<span class="fullpost">l : panjang penghantar, satuannya meter (m)</span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
<span class="fullpost">A : luas penampang kawat penghantar, satuanya mm2</span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
</span><span class="fullpost"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">I.4.2</span></b></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></span><span class="fullpost"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Koefisien Temperatur Hambatan</span></b></span><span class="fullpost"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
<span class="fullpost">Telah kita ketahui bahwa dalam suatu bahan akan mengalami perubahan volume bila terjadi perubahan temperatur. Bahan akan memuai jika temperatur suhu naik dan akan menyusut jika temperatur suhu turun. Besarnya perubahan hambatan akibat perubahan suhu dapat diketahui dengan persamaan ;</span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
<span class="fullpost">R = R0 { 1 + α (t – t0)}, dimana :</span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
<span class="fullpost">R : besar hambatan setelah terjadinya perubahan suhu</span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
<span class="fullpost">R0 : besar hambatan awal, sebelum terjadinya perubahan suhu.</span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
<span class="fullpost">T : temperatur suhu akhir, dalam 0C</span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
<span class="fullpost">t0 : temperatur suhu awal, dalam 0C</span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
<span class="fullpost">α : koefisien temperatur tahanan</span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
<br />
</span><span class="fullpost"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">I.4.3</span></b></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></span><span class="fullpost"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Daya Hantar Panas</span></b></span><span class="fullpost"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
<span class="fullpost">Daya hantar panas menunjukkan jumlah panas yang melalui lapisan bahan tiap satuan waktu. Diperhitungkan dalam satuan Kkal/jam 0C. Terutama diperhitungkan dalam pemakaian mesin listrik beserta perlengkapanya. Pada umumnya logam mempunyai daya hantar panas yang tinggi.</span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
</span><span class="fullpost"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">I.4.4</span></b></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></span><span class="fullpost"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Daya Tegangan Tarik</span></b></span><span class="fullpost"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
<span class="fullpost">Sifat mekanis bahan sangat penting, terutama untuk hantaran diatas tanah. Oleh sebab itu, bahan yang dipakai untuk keperluan tersebut harus diketahui kekuatanya. Terutama menyangkut penggunaan dalam pendistribusian tegangan tinggi.</span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
</span><span class="fullpost"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">I.4.5</span></b></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></span><span class="fullpost"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Timbulnya daya Elektro-motoris Termo</span></b></span><span class="fullpost"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
<span class="fullpost">Sifat ini sangat penting sekali terhadap dua titik kontak yang terbuat dari dua bahan logam yang berlainan jenis, karena dalam suatu rangkaian, arus akan menimbulkan daya elektro-motoris termo tersendiri bila terjadi perubahan temperatur suhu.</span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
<span class="fullpost">Daya elektro-motoris termo dapat terjadi lebih tinggi, sehingga dalam pengaturan arus dan tegangan dapat menyimpang meskipun sangat kecil. Besarnya perbedaan tegangan yang dibangkitkan tergantung pada sifat-sifat kedua bahan yang digunakan dan sebanding dengan perbedaan temperaturnya. Daya elektro-motoris yang dibangkitkan oleh perbedaan temperatur disebut dengan daya elektro-motoris termo.</span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">II.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">ISOLATOR</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Biasanya disebut bahan penyekat. Penyekatan listrik terutama dimaksudkan agar arus listrik tidak dapat mengalir jika pada bahan penyekat tersebut diberi tegangan listrik.</span></div><div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%;">II.1 BENTUK-BENTUK PENYEKAT</span></b></div><div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Seperti keadaan umum benda, maka penyekat penyekat memiliki bentuk-bentuk yang serupa yaitu padat, cair, dan gas.</span></div><div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.35pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%;">PADAT<br />
Berbentuk padat dibedakan menurut kelompok-kelompoknya yaitu :<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
Bahan tambang.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
a. Batu Pualam<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
Kwalitas ditentukan oleh kepadatan dan penggosokannya. Semakin padat dan semakin licin semakin kurang daya penyerapan airnya. Karenasifatnya mudah pecah dan berat, maka sekarang kurang banyak dipakai.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
b. Asbes<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
Asbes merupakan bahan berserat, tidak kuat, dan mudah putus. Bukan penyekat yang baik. Keistimewaannya adalah tidak dapat dibakar, jadi tahan panas tinggi. Banyak digunakan pada peralatan listrik rumah tangga seperti setrika listrik, kompor listrik, dan alat-alat pemanas lainnya.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
c. Mika<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
Data teknisnya : Daya sekat listrik dan kekuatan mekanis sangat tinggi dan elastis pula. Daya tahan panas tinggi (tidak sampai ratusan derajat) dan penahan air yang baik. Sangat ringan, dan bening (transparan). Banyak digunakan pada peralatan listrik rumah tangga seperti setrika listrik, kompor listrik, dan alat-alat pemanas lainnya.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
d. Mikanit<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
Mikanit adalah mika yang telah mendapat perubahan bentuk maupun susunan bahannya. Berbentuk agak padat. Biasa dipakai pada Komutator.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
e. Mikafolium<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
Semacam mikanit dan sebagai bahan digunakan di atas lapisan kertas tipis. Mudah dibengkokkan dengan pemanas. Biasanya dipakai untuk membungkus kawat atau batang lilitan sebagai penyekat pada mesin listrik tegangan tinggi.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
f. Mikalek<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
Digunakan gelas dan plastic sebagai bahan dasar. Bubuk mika merupakan bahan pengisi. Kekuatan mekanis tinggi dan sering dipakai pada penyearah arus logam (air raksa), peralatan radio dan tenaga listrik. Mikalek merupakan mika terbaik, sehingga dapat memenuhi persyaratan yang diperlukan sebagai penyekat.</span></div><div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.35pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%;">BAHAN BERSERAT<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
Sebenarnya bahan ini kurang baik karena sifat yang sangat menyerap air. Beberapa contohnya:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
a. Benang<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
Sebenarnya tidak semata-mata digunakan sebagai penyekat, tetapi lebih condong digunakan sebagai pengisi kabel, terutama kabel tanah.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
b. Tekstil<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
Dari benang ditenun menjadi pita dan kain dengan berbagai corak, ukuran, dan kwalitasnya. Bahan tekstil digunakan dalam bidang kelistrikan sebagai penyekat kawat lilitan mesin listrik, pengikat, dsb. Karena bersifat menyerap cairan, untuk perbaikan daya sekat dilapis atau dicelup ke dalam cairan lak penyekat.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
c. Kertas<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
Ketas bahan penyekat dengan alkali memiliki harga yang mahal. Berwarna kuning atau coklat muda. Kekuatan kertas tergantung dari kadar airnya. Untuk mengatasinya kertas dilapisi lak penyekat. Biasa digunakan pada lilitan kawat, kumparan, penyekat kabel, dan kondensator kertas. Biasanya memiliki ketebalan tertentu.<br />
d. Prespan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
Dibanding dengan kertas, prespan lebih padat, jadi kurang menyerap air.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
e. Kayu<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
Pada jaman dahulu sering digunakan untuk tiang listrik. Kayu dapat rusak karena factor biologi, supaya tahan lama kayu harus diawetkan lebih dulu. Kayu juga harus dimampatkan agar kadar airnya dapat berkurang.</span></div><div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.35pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%;">GELAS DAN KERAMIK<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
a. Gelas<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
Merupakan penyekat yang baik untuk listrik, namun sangat rapuh. Biasanya dipakai dalam pembuatan bola lampu pijar.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
b. Keramik<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
Keramik memiliki daya sekat yang tinggi. Biasanya dibuat menjadi porselin dan steatite.</span></div><div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.35pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Steatit<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
Bagian dari dalam saklar dan kotak tusuk. Biasanya juga pembuatan manik-manik untuk menyekat kawat penghubung yang dapat melentur dan letaknya berdekatan dengan alat pemanas listrik.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
Porselin<br />
Merupakan bahan yang penting dalam penyekatan karena memiliki kekukuhan mekanis yang sangat besar.Untuk pembuatan bagian isolasi alat-alat listrik yang harus menahan gaya tekan yang berat, bahan porselin baik sekali. Air tidak dapat menyerap karena adanya email pada permukaan.</span></div><div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%;">PLASTIK<br />
Sifat baik dari bahan plastic antara lain : ringan, daya hantar panas rendah, tahan air, dan daya sekat tinggi. Untuk dipakai pada bahan yang lebih panas, plastic kurang baik. Ada 2 jenis plastic yaitu:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
a. Thermoplastik. Pada suhu 60 derajat sudah menjadi lunak. Pemanasan sampai mencair tidak merubah struktur kimiawi.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
b. Thermosetting plastic. Bahan ini telah mengalami proses pencairan dan telah dicetak dan mengalami perubahan struktur kimiawi sehingga tidak dapat lunak lagi walaupun dipanaskan.</span></div><div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%;">KARET DAN EBONIT<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
a. Karet<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
Bersifat elastis dan berguna untuk menahan tumbukan. Digunakan sebagai penyekat hantaran listrik, penggunaan pipa karet untuk menyekat sepatu kabel, dan pembungkus kabel.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
b. Ebonit<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
Dapat dibengkokan dalam air yang mendidih, dapat dikikir, dibor, dan dibubut. Tahan terhadap asam dan dipakai sebagai bak akumulator. Tidak dapat menyerap air. Tidak tahan panas.</span></div><div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%;">BAHAN-BAHAN YANG DIPADATKAN<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
a. Lilin dan Parafin<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
Cepat mencair, mempunyai sifat tidak menyerap air dan hasilnya berlimpah, dijadikan salah satu bahan yang berguna untuk penyekat listrik walaupun titik leleh relative rendah. Biasa dipakai pada Kondensator atau pada bdang arus lemah.</span></div><div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Cair<br />
Cairan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
a. Air<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
Air suling atau air murni dapat disebut sebagai bahan penyekat walaupun masi dapat mengantar arus listrik dalam jumlah yang sangat kecil.<br />
b. Minyak Transformator<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
Diperlukan sebagai pendingin pada transformator yang di akibatkan lilitan kawat. Tanpa pendinginan akan merusak penyekat inti, lilitan dan pada bagian tertentu. Minyak transformator harus memenuhi eprsyaratan kelayakan penggunaan.<br />
c. Minyak kabel<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
Umumnya dibuat pekat dan untuk menambah pekat dapat dicampur dengan dammar. Digunakan untuk memadatkan penyekat kertas pada kabel tenaga, kabel tanah, terutama kabel tegangan tinggi.</span></div><div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%;">GAS<br />
a. Nitrogen<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
Digunakan sebagai pengontrol saluran kabel pengisi/distribusi untuk mengetahui masih baik tidaknya penyekat kabel yang dipakai. Terutama pada kabel tanah yang sering terjadi karat, goresan dan retak pada timah hitam,<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
b. Hidrogen<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
Hidrogen digunakan sebagai pendingin turbogenerator dan kondensor sinkron. Walaupun sebagai pendingin juga merupakan penyekat panas dan listrik.</span></div><div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Carbon Dioksida<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><br />
Digunakan dalam turbogenerator. Memiliki sifat mematikan api. Sebagai pengaman untuk pencampuran hydrogen dan udara yang dapat mengakibatkan ledakan.</span></div><div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">III.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%;">KABEL</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">III.1 Beberapa Jenis - Jenis Kabel</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kabel NYA</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kabel NYA berinti tunggal, berlapis bahan isolasi PVC, untuk instalasi luar/kabel udara. Kode warna isolasi ada warna merah, kuning, biru dan hitam. Kabel tipe ini umum dipergunakan di perumahan karena harganya yang relatif murah. Lapisan isolasinya hanya 1 lapis sehingga mudah cacat, tidak tahan air (NYA adalah tipe kabel udara) dan mudah digigit tikus.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Agar aman memakai kabel tipe ini, kabel harus dipasang dalam pipa/conduit jenis PVC atau saluran tertutup. Sehingga tidak mudah menjadi sasaran gigitan tikus, dan apabila ada isolasi yang terkelupas tidak tersentuh langsung oleh orang.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kabel NYM</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kabel NYM memiliki lapisan isolasi PVC (<b>biasanya warna putih atau abu-abu</b>), ada yang berinti 2, 3 atau 4. Kabel NYM memiliki lapisan isolasi dua lapis, sehingga tingkat keamanannya lebih baik dari kabel NYA (harganya lebih mahal dari NYA). Kabel ini dapat dipergunakan dilingkungan yang kering dan basah, namun tidak boleh ditanam.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kabel NYAF</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kabel NYAF merupakan jenis kabel fleksibel dengan penghantar tembaga serabut berisolasi PVC. Digunakan untuk instalasi panel-panel yang memerlukan fleksibelitas yang tinggi. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kabel NYY</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kabel NYY memiliki lapisan isolasi PVC (<b>biasanya warna hitam</b>), ada yang berinti 2, 3 atau 4. Kabel NYY dipergunakan untuk instalasi tertanam (kabel tanah), dan memiliki lapisan isolasi yang lebih kuat dari kabel NYM (harganya lebih mahal dari NYM). Kabel NYY memiliki isolasi yang terbuat dari bahan yang tidak disukai tikus.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kabbel NYFGbY</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kabel NYFGbY ini digunakan untuk instalasi bawah tanah, di dalam ruangan di dalam saluran-saluran dan pada tempat-tempat yang terbuka dimana perlindungan terhadap gangguan mekanis dibutuhkan, atau untuk tekanan rentangan yang tinggi selama dipasang dan dioperasikan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.95pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kabel ACSR</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kabel ACSR merupakan kawat penghantar yang terdiri dari aluminium berinti kawat baja.Kabel ini digunakan untuk saluran-saluran transmisi <i>tegangan tinggi</i>, dimana jarak antara menara/tiang berjauhan, mencapai ratusan meter, maka dibutuhkan kuat tarik yang lebih tinggi, untuk itu digunakan kawat penghantar ACSR.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.9pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kabel AAAC</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kabel ini terbuat dari aluminium-magnesium-silicon campuran logam, keterhantaran elektris tinggi yang berisi magnesium silicide, untuk memberi sifat yang lebih baik. Kabel ini biasanya dibuat dari paduan aluminium 6201. AAAC mempunyai suatu anti karat dan kekuatan yang baik, sehingga daya hantarnya lebih baik.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.9pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kabel ACAR</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kabel ACAR yaitu kawat penghantar aluminium yang diperkuat dengan logam campuran, sehingga kabel ini lebih kuat daripada kabel ACSR.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kabel BC</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kabel ini dipilin/stranded, disatukan. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ukuran / tegangan mak = 6 – 500 mm<sup>2 </sup>/ 500 V</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pemakaian = saluran diatas tanah dan penghantar pentanahan</span></div><div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div>Nur Akmal Abdullahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12009812217579462064noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3021558861706622751.post-91153227847942362692011-09-22T11:56:00.000-07:002011-09-22T11:56:20.511-07:00tempelate hidrologi teknik<!--[if !mso]> <style>
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UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";}
</style> <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="1027"/> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapelayout v:ext="edit"> <o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1"/> </o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--> <br />
<div class="Section1"> <div align="center"> <span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc521070917;"></span><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 99.12%;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 180.3pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="height: 180.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 100.0%;" valign="top" width="100%"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><a href="" name="_Toc521070917"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Century Gothic","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">TUGAS INDIVIDU / KELOMPOK</span></b></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc521070917;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Century Gothic","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">NAMA MATA KULIAH AIR (SEMESTER GANJIL 2011)</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc521070917;"><span class="MsoBookTitle"><b><span lang="EN-GB">(JUDUL)</span></b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"> </span></div><table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="29" width="170"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><br />
</td> <td><img alt="Description: Description: C:\Documents and Settings\User\My Documents\DAN LAIN-LAIN\VIVIN\unhas_logo.gif" height="208" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/RHYAKMAL/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.png" width="201" /></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc521070917;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc521070917;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Century Gothic","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" /> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc521070917;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Century Gothic","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">OLEH</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: 22.5pt;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc521070917;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Century Gothic","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc521070917;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Century Gothic","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">NAMA<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: </span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 58.5pt; text-indent: 22.5pt;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc521070917;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Century Gothic","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>NIM<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: </span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 58.5pt; text-indent: 22.5pt;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc521070917;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Century Gothic","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc521070917;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Century Gothic","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">PROGRAM STUDI KETEKNIKAN PERTANIAN</span></b></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc521070917;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Century Gothic","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">JURUSAN TEKNOLOGI PERTANIAN</span></b></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc521070917;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Century Gothic","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">FAKULTAS PERTANIAN</span></b></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc521070917;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Century Gothic","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">UNIVERSITAS HASANUDDIN</span></b></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc521070917;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Century Gothic","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">MAKASSAR</span></b></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc521070917;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Century Gothic","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">2011</span></b></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc521070917;"></span> <div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc521070917;"></span><table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 7.1pt; margin-right: 7.1pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-table-anchor-vertical: margin; mso-table-left: center; mso-table-lspace: 9.35pt; mso-table-rspace: 9.35pt; mso-table-top: bottom; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 100.0%;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 100.0%;" valign="top" width="100%"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc521070917;"></span> <div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.35pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: bottom; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" /> </span> <div class="Section2"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc521070917;"></span> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><a href="" name="_Toc301559819"></a><a href="" name="_Toc521070918"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301559819;"><span class="MsoBookTitle"><span lang="EN-GB">STANDAR PENILAIAN</span></span></span></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc521070918;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301559819;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc521070918;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301559819;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc521070918;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301559819;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc521070918;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301559819;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc521070918;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301559819;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc521070918;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301559819;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc521070918;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301559819;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc521070918;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301559819;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc521070918;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301559819;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc521070918;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301559819;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc521070918;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301559819;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc521070918;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301559819;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc521070918;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301559819;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc521070918;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301559819;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc521070918;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301559819;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc521070918;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301559819;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc521070918;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301559819;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc521070918;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301559819;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc521070918;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301559819;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc521070918;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301559819;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc521070918;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301559819;"></span></span><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 5.15pt; width: 546px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 21.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 21.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 301.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="402"> <div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc521070918;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301559819;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Penilaian</span></b></span></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 21.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="72"> <div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc521070918;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301559819;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Standar</span></b></span></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 21.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="72"> <div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc521070918;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301559819;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Capaian</span></b></span></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 21.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 21.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 301.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="402"> <div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc521070918;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301559819;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">1. Kesesuaian dengan format standar penulisan ilmiah</span></span></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="72"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: right;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc521070918;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301559819;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">10</span></span></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="72"> <div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 21.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 21.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 301.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="402"> <div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc521070918;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301559819;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2. Cara pengutipan sumber (sitasi)</span></span></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="72"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: right;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc521070918;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301559819;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">20</span></span></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="72"> <div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 21.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 21.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 301.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="402"> <div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc521070918;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301559819;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">3. Konsistensi isi materi</span></span></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="72"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: right;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc521070918;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301559819;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">40</span></span></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="72"> <div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 21.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 21.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 301.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="402"> <div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc521070918;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301559819;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">4. Penulisan referensi</span></span></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="72"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: right;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc521070918;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301559819;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">10</span></span></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="72"> <div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 21.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 21.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 301.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="402"> <div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc521070918;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301559819;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">5. Jumlah dan keaslian pustaka</span></span></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="72"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: right;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc521070918;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301559819;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">20</span></span></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="72"> <div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 21.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 21.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 301.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="402"> <div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc521070918;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301559819;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Total</span></span></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="72"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: right;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc521070918;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301559819;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">100</span></span></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="72"> <div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span class="MsoBookTitle"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> </span></span> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc521070918;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301559819;"><span class="MsoBookTitle"><span lang="EN-GB">pengantar</span></span><span lang="EN-GB"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(<span class="MsoBookTitle">Style</span> = <span class="MsoBookTitle">Book</span> TITLE)</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">Tuliskan Kata Pengantar di sini jika ada (style = normal).</span></div><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; text-transform: uppercase;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> </span></b> <div class="PreliminaryHeader"><a href="" name="_Toc301578592"></a><a href="" name="_Toc301574067"></a><a href="" name="_Toc301559820"></a><a href="" name="_Toc521070919"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301559820;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301574067;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301578592;"><span class="MsoBookTitle"><span lang="EN-GB">daftar isi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Style = Book title)</span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="MsoBookTitle"><span lang="EN-GB"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">Masukkan daftar isi setelah tulisan selesai (References </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span lang="EN-GB"> Table of Contents</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span lang="EN-GB"> automatic Table 1)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span lang="EN-GB"> Lihat penuntun</span></div><div class="MsoTocHeading">Contents</div><div class="MsoToc1"><span lang="EN-GB"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3021558861706622751#_Toc301578592"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; letter-spacing: .25pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">daftar isi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Style = Book title)</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">ii</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc1"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3021558861706622751#_Toc301578593"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; letter-spacing: .25pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">daftar tabel<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Style = Book title)</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">ii</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc1"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3021558861706622751#_Toc301578594"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; letter-spacing: .25pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">daftar GAMBAR<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Style = Book title)</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">ii</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc1"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3021558861706622751#_Toc301578595">Pendahuluan (Style = Heading 1)<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">2</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc2" style="tab-stops: 48.0pt right dotted 410.5pt;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3021558861706622751#_Toc301578596">1. 1<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span>Bagian level 1.1 (Style = Heading 2)<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">2</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc2" style="tab-stops: 48.0pt right dotted 410.5pt;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3021558861706622751#_Toc301578597">1. 2<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span>Bagian level 1.2 (Style = Heading 2)<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">2</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc3" style="tab-stops: 60.0pt right dotted 410.5pt;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3021558861706622751#_Toc301578598">1.2.1<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span>Bagian level121 (Style = Heading 3)<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">2</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc2" style="tab-stops: 48.0pt right dotted 410.5pt;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3021558861706622751#_Toc301578599">1. 1<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span>Bab subheading 2<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">2</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc2" style="tab-stops: 48.0pt right dotted 410.5pt;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3021558861706622751#_Toc301578600">1. 2<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span>Bab sub heading 2 (contoh)<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">2</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc1" style="tab-stops: 24.0pt right dotted 410.5pt;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3021558861706622751#_Toc301578601">2<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span>bagian 2 (Style = Heading 1)<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">2</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc2" style="tab-stops: 48.0pt right dotted 410.5pt;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3021558861706622751#_Toc301578602">2. 1<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span>subheading level 2 (Style = Heading 2)<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">2</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc2" style="tab-stops: 48.0pt right dotted 410.5pt;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3021558861706622751#_Toc301578603">2. 2<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span>subheading level 2 (Style = Heading 2)<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">2</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc3" style="tab-stops: 60.0pt right dotted 410.5pt;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3021558861706622751#_Toc301578604">2.2.1<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span>Chapter sub heading level 3 (Style = Heading 3)<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">2</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc2" style="tab-stops: 48.0pt right dotted 410.5pt;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3021558861706622751#_Toc301578605">2. 3<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span>subheading 2<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">2</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc2" style="tab-stops: 48.0pt right dotted 410.5pt;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3021558861706622751#_Toc301578606">2. 4<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span>Sub heading 2<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">2</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc1" style="tab-stops: 24.0pt right dotted 410.5pt;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3021558861706622751#_Toc301578607">3<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span>bagian 3 (Style = Heading 1)<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">2</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc1"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3021558861706622751#_Toc301578608">REFERENCES (Style = Preliminary Header)<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">2</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc1"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3021558861706622751#_Toc301578609">APPENDIX A TITLE (Style = Appendix Header)<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">2</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc1"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3021558861706622751#_Toc301578610">APPENDIX B TITLE (Style = Appendix Header)<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">2</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">(untuk meng-update daftar yang sudah ada, klik kanan pada salah satu daftar di atas dan klik update field </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span lang="EN-GB"> Update entire table)</span></div><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; text-transform: uppercase;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" /> </span></b> <div class="PreliminaryHeader"><br />
</div><div class="PreliminaryHeader"><a href="" name="_Toc301578593"></a><a href="" name="_Toc301574068"></a><a href="" name="_Toc301559821"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301574068;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301578593;"><span class="MsoBookTitle"><span lang="EN-GB">daftar tabel<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Style = Book title)</span></span></span></span></a></div><div class="MsoTof" style="tab-stops: right dotted 410.5pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3021558861706622751#_Toc301574289">Tabel 1. ……………….<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">2</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></div><div class="MsoTof" style="tab-stops: right dotted 410.5pt;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3021558861706622751#_Toc301574290">Tabel 2. ………………..<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">2</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></div><div class="MsoTof" style="tab-stops: right dotted 410.5pt;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3021558861706622751#_Toc301574291">Tabel 3. ………………<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">2</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></div><div class="PreliminaryHeader"><br />
</div><div class="PreliminaryHeader"><br />
</div><div class="PreliminaryHeader"><br />
</div><div class="PreliminaryHeader"><br />
</div><div class="PreliminaryHeader"><a href="" name="_Toc301578594"></a><a href="" name="_Toc301574069"></a><a href="" name="_Toc301559822"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301574069;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301578594;"><span class="MsoBookTitle"><span lang="EN-GB">daftar GAMBAR<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Style = Book title)</span></span></span></span></a><span class="MsoBookTitle"><span lang="EN-GB"></span></span></div><div class="PreliminaryHeader"><br />
</div><div class="MsoTof" style="tab-stops: right dotted 410.5pt;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-no-proof: yes;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3021558861706622751#_Toc301575448">Gambar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1 ……….<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">2</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></div><div class="MsoTof" style="tab-stops: right dotted 410.5pt;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-no-proof: yes;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3021558861706622751#_Toc301575449">Gambar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2 ………….<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">2</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></div><div class="MsoTof" style="tab-stops: right dotted 410.5pt;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-no-proof: yes;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3021558861706622751#_Toc301575450">Gambar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3 ………..<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">2</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></div><div class="MsoTof" style="tab-stops: right dotted 410.5pt;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-no-proof: yes;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3021558861706622751#_Toc301575451">Gambar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4 …………….<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">2</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></div><div class="PreliminaryHeader"><span class="MsoBookTitle"><span lang="EN-GB"></span></span></div></div><span class="MsoBookTitle"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; text-transform: uppercase;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" /> </span></b></span> <div class="Section3"> <h1><a href="" name="_Toc301578595"></a><a href="" name="_Toc301574071"></a><a href="" name="_Toc301559823"></a><a href="" name="_Toc521070922"></a><a href="" name="_Toc518744841"></a><a href="" name="_Toc518744975"></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301578595;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301574071;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301559823;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc521070922;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301578595;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301574071;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301559823;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc521070922;"><span lang="EN-GB">Pendahuluan (Style = Heading 1)</span></span></span></span></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">Insert introduction text here (style = normal).</span></div><h2><a href="" name="_Toc301578596"></a><a href="" name="_Toc301574072"></a><a href="" name="_Toc301559824"></a><a href="" name="_Toc521070923"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301559824;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301574072;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301578596;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1. 1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Bagian level 1.1 (Style = Heading 2)</span></span></span></span></a></h2><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">Insert contents here (style = normal).</span></div><h2><a href="" name="_Toc301578597"></a><a href="" name="_Toc301574073"></a><a href="" name="_Toc301559825"></a><a href="" name="_Toc521070924"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301559825;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301574073;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301578597;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1. 2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Bagian level 1.2 (Style = Heading 2)</span></span></span></span></a></h2><h3><a href="" name="_Toc301578598"></a><a href="" name="_Toc301574074"></a><a href="" name="_Toc301559826"></a><a href="" name="_Toc521070925"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301559826;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301574074;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301578598;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Bagian level121 (Style = Heading 3)</span></span></span></span></a></h3><div class="Sublist"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Bagian sub-list sub-list (style = sub list)</span></div><div class="Sublist" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: list 54.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(i)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">sub-list indent (indented sub list)</span></div><h2 style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2;"><a href="" name="_Toc301578599"></a><a href="" name="_Toc301574075"></a><a href="" name="_Toc301559827"></a><a href="" name="_Toc521070926"></a><a href="" name="_Toc518744979"></a><a href="" name="_Toc518744845"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc518744979;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc521070926;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301559827;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301574075;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301578599;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1. 1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Bab subheading 2</span></span></span></span></span></span></a></h2><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">Masukkan tulisan di sini <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(style = normal).</span></div><div class="MsoCaption"><br />
</div><div class="MsoCaption"><span lang="EN-GB">Cara memasukkan gambar dengan nomor berurutan otomatis: (References </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span lang="EN-GB"> caption </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span lang="EN-GB"> insert caption </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span lang="EN-GB"> Gambar – kalau belum ada dalam caption buatkan pada tombol new label dan tuliskan Gambar) – lihat panduan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoCaption"><a href="" name="_Toc301575448"><span lang="EN-GB">Gambar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301575448;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">1</span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301575448;"><span lang="EN-GB"> ……….</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB">Sumber:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoCaption"><a href="" name="_Toc301575449"><span lang="EN-GB">Gambar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301575449;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">2</span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301575449;"><span lang="EN-GB"> ………….</span></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB">Sumber:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoCaption"><a href="" name="_Toc301575450"><span lang="EN-GB">Gambar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301575450;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">3</span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301575450;"><span lang="EN-GB"> ………..</span></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB">Sumber:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoCaption"><a href="" name="_Toc301469181"><span lang="EN-GB">Table </span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301469181;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">1</span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301469181;"><span lang="EN-GB">‑</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301469181;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">1</span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301469181;"><span lang="EN-GB"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Style = caption) </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301469181;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span lang="EN-GB"> dimasukkan dengan proses sama pada Gambar.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoCaption"><a href="" name="_Toc301574289"><span lang="EN-GB">Tabel </span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301574289;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">1</span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301574289;"><span lang="EN-GB">. ……………….</span></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB">Sumber:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoCaption"><a href="" name="_Toc301574290"><span lang="EN-GB">Tabel </span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301574290;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">2</span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301574290;"><span lang="EN-GB">. ………………..</span></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB">Sumber:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoCaption"><a href="" name="_Toc301574291"><span lang="EN-GB">Tabel </span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301574291;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">3</span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301574291;"><span lang="EN-GB">. ………………</span></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB">Sumber:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">dst</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><h2 style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2;"><a href="" name="_Toc301578600"></a><a href="" name="_Toc301574076"></a><a href="" name="_Toc301559828"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301574076;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301578600;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1. 2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Bab sub heading 2 (contoh)</span></span></span></a></h2><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">Masukkan tulisan di sini <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(style = normal).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><h1><a href="" name="_Toc301578601"></a><a href="" name="_Toc301574077"></a><a href="" name="_Toc301559829"></a><a href="" name="_Toc521070928"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301559829;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301574077;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301578601;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">bagian 2 (Style = Heading 1)</span></span></span></span></a></h1><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">Masukkan kalimat yang mengantar apa yang akan dibahas dalam bagian ini (style Normal).</span></div><h2><a href="" name="_Toc301578602"></a><a href="" name="_Toc301574078"></a><a href="" name="_Toc301559830"></a><a href="" name="_Toc521070929"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301559830;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301574078;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301578602;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2. 1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">subheading level 2 (Style = Heading 2)</span></span></span></span></a></h2><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">Masukkan tulisan di sini (Normal).</span></div><h2><a href="" name="_Toc301578603"></a><a href="" name="_Toc301574079"></a><a href="" name="_Toc301559831"></a><a href="" name="_Toc521070930"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301559831;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301574079;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301578603;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2. 2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">subheading level 2 (Style = Heading 2)</span></span></span></span></a></h2><h3><a href="" name="_Toc301578604"></a><a href="" name="_Toc301574080"></a><a href="" name="_Toc301559832"></a><a href="" name="_Toc521070931"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301559832;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301574080;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301578604;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.2.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Chapter sub heading level 3 (Style = Heading 3)</span></span></span></span></a></h3><div class="Sublist"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">sub-list (style = sub list) (jika perlu)</span></div><div class="Sublist" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: list 54.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(i)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Sub-list indent (indented sub list) jika perlu</span></div><h2><a href="" name="_Toc301578605"></a><a href="" name="_Toc301574081"></a><a href="" name="_Toc301559833"></a><a href="" name="_Toc521070932"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301559833;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301574081;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301578605;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2. 3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">subheading 2</span></span></span></span></a></h2><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">Masukkan tulisan di sini</span></div><div class="MsoCaption"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><h2><a href="" name="_Toc301578606"></a><a href="" name="_Toc301574082"></a><a href="" name="_Toc301559834"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301574082;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301578606;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2. 4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Sub heading 2</span></span></span></a></h2><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">Insert chapter summary here.</span></div><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; text-transform: uppercase;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> </span></b> <h1><a href="" name="_Toc301578607"></a><a href="" name="_Toc301574083"></a><a href="" name="_Toc301559835"></a><a href="" name="_Toc521070934"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301559835;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301574083;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301578607;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">bagian 3 (Style = Heading 1)</span></span></span></span></a></h1><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">Demikian dilanjutkan pada bagian bagian selanjutnya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-GB">Masukkan table dan gambar sesuai kebutuhan pada halaman halaman berikutnya atau dimana anda kehendaki !!!!!!</span></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoCaption"><span lang="EN-GB">Tabel </span><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">4</span></span><span lang="EN-GB"> ……………</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoCaption"><a href="" name="_Toc301575451"><span lang="EN-GB">Gambar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301575451;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">4</span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301575451;"><span lang="EN-GB"> …………….</span></span></div></div><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" /> </span> <div class="Section4"> <div class="PreliminaryHeader"><a href="" name="_Toc301578608"></a><a href="" name="_Toc301574084"></a><a href="" name="_Toc301559836"></a><a href="" name="_Toc521070968"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301559836;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301574084;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301578608;"><span lang="EN-GB">REFERENCES (Style = Preliminary Header)</span></span></span></span></a></div><div class="Referencetext" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; text-indent: -49.5pt;"><span lang="EN-GB">Nama fam, Initial., pengarang kedua dst..<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Tahun) Judul reference, Publisher, tempat terbit, Halaman. (Style = Reference Text). </span></div><div class="Referencetext"><br />
</div><div class="Referencetext"><br />
</div><div class="Referencetext"><span lang="EN-GB">Contoh:</span></div><div class="Referencetext"><br />
</div><div class="Referencetext"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-indent: -49.5pt;"><span lang="EN-GB">Armand R., C. Bockstaller, A-V. Auzet and P. Van Dijk (2009). </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Runoff generation related to intra-field soil surface characteristics variability application to conservation tillage context. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Soil & Tillage Research.</i> Vol. 102. Issue .. p. 27-37.</span></div><div class="Referencetext"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-indent: -49.5pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Reddy R.N. (2010). Agricultural Process engineering. Gene-Tech Book. New Delhi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-indent: -49.5pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-indent: -49.5pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-indent: -49.5pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-indent: -49.5pt;"><br />
</div></div><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" /> </span> <div class="appendixheader"><a href="" name="_Toc301578609"></a><a href="" name="_Toc301574085"></a><a href="" name="_Toc301559837"></a><a href="" name="_Toc521070969"></a><a href="" name="_Toc518744850"></a><a href="" name="_Toc518744984"></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301578609;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301574085;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301559837;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc521070969;"><span lang="EN-GB">APPENDIX A TITLE (Style = Appendix Header)</span></span></span></span></span></div><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; text-transform: uppercase;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> </span></b> <div class="appendixheader"><a href="" name="_Toc301578610"></a><a href="" name="_Toc301574086"></a><a href="" name="_Toc301559838"></a><a href="" name="_Toc521070970"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301559838;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301574086;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc301578610;"><span lang="EN-GB">APPENDIX B TITLE (Style = Appendix Header)</span></span></span></span></a></div><div class="appendixheader"><br />
</div>Nur Akmal Abdullahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12009812217579462064noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3021558861706622751.post-17203864431093985012011-09-22T11:54:00.000-07:002011-09-22T11:54:51.747-07:00LAPORAN LENGKAP PRAKTIKUM INSTRUMENTASI TEKNIK<!--[if !mso]> <style>
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES" style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES;">LAPORAN LENGKAP PRAKTIKUM</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES" style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">INSTRUMENTASI TEKNIK</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; tab-stops: 81.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -90.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES" style="font-size: 19.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 19.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">224 G 5403</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES" style="font-size: 19.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">)</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
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</tbody></table><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES" style="font-size: 19.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"> </span></b><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 117.0pt center 264.05pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">NUR AKM AL ABDULLAH</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 173.05pt 198.0pt center 264.05pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">G 411 09 014</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">KELOMPOK IV ( EMPAT )</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES;"></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoHeading7" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="ES" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">LABORATORIUM ELETRONIKA DAN INSTRUMENTASI TEKNIK</span></div><h6 style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">PROGRAM STUDI TEKNIK PERTANIAN</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></h6><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">JURUSAN TEKNOLOGI PERTANIAN</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">FAKULTAS PERTANIAN </span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">UNIVERSITAS HASANUDDIN</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">MAKASSAR</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">2011</span></b></div><h6 style="tab-stops: 36.0pt;"><span style="height: 614px; left: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 573px; z-index: -1;"><img height="614" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/RHYAKMAL/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.jpg" width="573" /></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">HALAMAN PENGESAHAN</span></h6><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; tab-stops: 81.0pt; text-indent: -90.0pt;"><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">JUDUL<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: LAPORAN LENGKAP PRAKTIKUM<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>INSTRUMENTASI TEKNIK ( 224 G 5403 )</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; tab-stops: 81.0pt; text-indent: -90.0pt;"><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">NAMA<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: NUR AKMAL ABDULLAH</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; tab-stops: 81.0pt; text-indent: -90.0pt;"><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">STAMBUK<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: G 411 09 014</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; tab-stops: 81.0pt; text-indent: -90.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB">JURUSAN<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: TEKNOLOGI PERTANIAN</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; tab-stops: 81.0pt; text-indent: -90.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB">KELOMPOK<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: IV (EMPAT)</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; tab-stops: 81.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -90.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Laporan Lengkap Ini Disusun Sebagai Salah Satu</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; tab-stops: 81.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -90.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Syarat untuk Melulusi Mata Kuliah</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; tab-stops: 81.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -90.0pt;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Instrumentasi Teknik</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; tab-stops: 81.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -90.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">(</span><span lang="EN-GB">224 G 5403</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">)</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; tab-stops: 81.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -90.0pt;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; tab-stops: 81.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -90.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pada</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; tab-stops: 81.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -90.0pt;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; tab-stops: 81.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -90.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Program Studi Teknik Pertanian </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; tab-stops: 81.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -90.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Jurusan Teknologi Pertanian</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; tab-stops: 81.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -90.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Fakultas Pertanian </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; tab-stops: 81.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -90.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Universitas Hasanuddin</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; tab-stops: 81.0pt 207.0pt 216.0pt 225.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -90.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Makassar</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; tab-stops: 81.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -90.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">20</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">11</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; tab-stops: 81.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -90.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 8;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Makassar,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Mei 2011</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; tab-stops: 81.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -90.0pt;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; tab-stops: 81.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -90.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Menyetujui</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; tab-stops: 81.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -90.0pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">Tanggal Pengesahan:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">13</span><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mei 2011</span></div><h6 style="tab-stops: 36.0pt;"> </h6><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> </span></b> <div class="MsoTitle">KATA PENGANTAR</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent">Puji syukur penulis panjatkan kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa yang telah memberikan rahmat dan karunianya, sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan Laporan Lengkap Instrumentasi Teknik.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-GB">Kerja Praktek ini merupakan salah satu mata kuliah yang wajib ditempuh<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>di Program Studi Keteknikan Pertanian, Jurusan Teknologi Pertanian, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Hasanudin Makassar. Laporan <span style="color: black; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Lengkap Instrumentasi Teknik</span> ini disusun sebagai </span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Laporan </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Lengkap Instrumentasi Teknik</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Ini Disusun Sebagai Salah Satu</span><span lang="IN"> </span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Syarat untuk Melulusi Mata Kuliah</span><span lang="EN-GB"> Instrumentasi Teknik.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2">Dengan selesainya laporan <span style="color: black; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Lengkap </span>Instrumentasi Teknik ini tidak terlepas dari bantuan <span style="color: black; font-size: 11.5pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; line-height: 200%;">banyak pihak yang telah memberikan masukan-masukan kepada penulis. Untuk itu penulis mengucapkan banyak terimakasih kepada teman-teman satu kelompok, asisten dan teman-teman semuanya.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2">Penulis menyadari bahwa masih banyak kekurangan dari laporan ini, baik dari materi maupun teknik penyajiannya, mengingat kurangnya pengetahuan dan pengalaman penulis. Oleh karena itu, kritik dan saran yang membangun sangat <span style="color: black; font-size: 11.5pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; line-height: 200%;">penulis harapkan.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2"><br />
</div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Makassar,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB">13</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Mei 2011</span></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 347.3pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Penulis</span></div><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: JA;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> </span></b> <h6 style="tab-stops: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">DAFTAR ISI</span></h6><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span></span></b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Halaman</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: dotted 378.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">HALAMAN JUD</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">UL <span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">........................................................................................ </span></span></b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">i</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: dotted 378.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">HALAMAN PENGESAHAN</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">......................................................................... </span></span></b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">ii</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: dotted 378.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">KATA PENGANTAR</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">..................................................................................... </span></span></b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">iii</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: dotted 378.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">DAFTAR ISI</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">..................................................................................................... </span></span></b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">iv</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: dotted 378.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">DAFTAR GAMBAR</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">....................................................................................... </span></span></b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">viii</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: dotted 378.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">DAFTAR LAMPIRAN</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.................................................................................... </span></span></b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">ix</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><div class="MsoFooter" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: dotted 378.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">DAFTAR </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">GRAFIK</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.......................................................................................... </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">x</span></div><div class="MsoFooter" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: dotted 378.0pt;"><br />
</div><h6 style="margin-top: 12.0pt;">PENGENALAN KOMPONEN SENSOR</h6><h4 style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">I.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN">PENDAHULUAN</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></h4><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 35.45pt dotted 378.0pt; text-indent: -14.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Latar Belakang</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">........................................................................................ </span>1</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 35.45pt dotted 378.0pt; text-indent: -14.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tujuan dan Kegunaan</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">............................................................................. </span>2</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></b></div><h4 style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 21.3pt dotted 375.65pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">II.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN">TINJAUAN PUSTAKA</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.......................................................................... </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">3</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></h4><h4 style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">III.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN">METODOLOGI</span></h4><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 35.45pt dotted 375.65pt; text-indent: -14.7pt;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Waktu dan Tempat</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">................................................................................. </span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">13</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 35.45pt dotted 375.65pt; text-indent: -14.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Alat dan Bahan</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">...................................................................................... </span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">13</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 35.45pt dotted 375.65pt; text-indent: -14.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Prosedur Kerja</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">........................................................................................ </span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">13</span></div><h4 style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">IV.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN">HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></h4><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 35.45pt dotted 375.65pt; text-indent: -14.7pt;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Hasil</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">....................................................................................................... </span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">14</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 35.45pt dotted 375.65pt; text-indent: -14.7pt;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pembahasan</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">............................................................................................ </span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">21</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><h4 style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">V.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN">KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></h4><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 35.45pt dotted 375.65pt; text-indent: -14.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kesimpulan</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">............................................................................................. </span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">22</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 35.45pt dotted 375.65pt; text-indent: -14.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Saran</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">........................................................................................................ </span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">22</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: dotted 378.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">...................................................................................... </span></span></b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">23</span></div><h6 style="line-height: 200%;"> </h6><h6 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">PENGUJIAN DAN PENGUKURAN KOMPONEN SENSOR</h6><h4 style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -21.85pt;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">I.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN">PENDAHULUAN</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></h4><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 35.45pt dotted 378.0pt; text-indent: -14.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Latar Belakang</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">........................................................................................ </span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">24</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 35.45pt dotted 378.0pt; text-indent: -14.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tujuan dan Kegunaan</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">............................................................................. </span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">25</span></div><h4 style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 21.3pt dotted 375.65pt; text-indent: -21.85pt;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">II.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN">TINJAUAN PUSTAKA</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">........................................................................... </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-weight: normal;">26</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></h4><h4 style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 21.3pt dotted 375.65pt; text-indent: -21.85pt;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">III.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN">METODOLOGI</span></h4><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 35.45pt dotted 375.65pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Waktu dan Tempat</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">................................................................................. </span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">31</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 35.45pt dotted 375.65pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Alat dan Bahan</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">...................................................................................... </span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">31</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 35.45pt dotted 375.65pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Prosedur Kerja</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">........................................................................................ </span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">32</span></div><h4 style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">IV.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN">HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></h4><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 35.45pt dotted 375.65pt; text-indent: -14.7pt;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Hasil</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">....................................................................................................... </span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">34</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 35.45pt dotted 375.65pt; text-indent: -14.7pt;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pembahasan</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">............................................................................................ </span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">35</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 35.45pt dotted 375.65pt;"><br />
</div><h4 style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">V.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN">KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></h4><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 35.45pt dotted 375.65pt; text-indent: -14.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kesimpulan</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">............................................................................................. </span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">31</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 35.45pt dotted 375.65pt; text-indent: -14.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Saran</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">........................................................................................................ </span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">31</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: dotted 375.65pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">...................................................................................... </span></span></b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">39</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: dotted 375.65pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">LAMPIRAN</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">..................................................................................................... </span></span></b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">40</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 378.0pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">PEMBUATAN RANGKAIAN CATUDAYA</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: 21.3pt dotted 375.65pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Prinsip kerja catudaya linear </span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">....................................................................... </span>41</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: 21.3pt dotted 375.65pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Penyearah</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.................................................................................................... </span>41</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: 21.3pt dotted 375.65pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Voltage Regulator</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">....................................................................................... </span>45</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><h6 style="line-height: 200%;">PEMBUATAN RANGKAIAN OP AMP</h6><h6 align="left" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: 21.3pt dotted 375.65pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pengertian Dasar Op Amp</span><span lang="IN" style="font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">......................................................................... </span>53</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"></span></h6><h6 align="left" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: 21.3pt dotted 375.65pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;">Karasteristik Dasar Op Amp</span><span lang="IN" style="font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">....................................................................... </span>56</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"></span></h6><h6 align="left" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></h6><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: JA;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> </span></b> <h6 style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt;">DAFTAR GAMBAR</h6><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-GB">No.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Teks<span style="mso-tab-count: 7;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Halaman<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 21.3pt center dotted 360.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gambar </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kipas</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">...................................................................................... </span> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">14</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 21.3pt center dotted 360.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gambar </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kabel Detektor</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">...................................................................... </span> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">14</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 21.3pt center dotted 360.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gambar </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Foto sel</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.................................................................................. </span> 1</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">5</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 21.3pt center dotted 360.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gambar </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">LVDT ( Linear Variabel Diferential Transformers )</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.............. </span> 1</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">5</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 21.3pt center dotted 360.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gambar Potensiometer </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Geser</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.............................................................. </span> 1</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">6</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 21.3pt center dotted 360.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gambar </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Trermistor PTC</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">...................................................................... </span> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">16</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 21.3pt center dotted 360.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gambar LDR<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">....................................................................................... </span> 1</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">7</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 21.3pt center dotted 360.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gambar </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Termocaouple</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">........................................................................ </span> 17</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 21.3pt center dotted 360.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Gambar NTC <span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">....................................................................................... </span>18</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 21.3pt center dotted 360.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Gambar potensiometer putar <span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">................................................................ </span>18</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 21.3pt center dotted 360.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Gambar motor DC <span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">............................................................................... </span>19</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 21.3pt center dotted 360.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Gambar rangkaian catudaya setengah gelombang <span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">............................... </span>51</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 21.3pt center dotted 360.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">13.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Gambar rangkaian catudaya gelombang penuh <span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">................................... </span>51</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 21.3pt center dotted 360.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">14.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Gambar rangkaian catudaya simetris <span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">................................................... </span>51</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 21.3pt center dotted 360.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">15.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Gambar rangkaian catudaya diferensial <span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">............................................... </span>64</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 21.3pt center dotted 360.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">16.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Gambar rangkaian catudaya inverting <span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">................................................. </span>64</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; 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mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: JA;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> </span></b> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; tab-stops: 378.0pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">DAFTAR </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">LAMPIRAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0cm 9.0pt 27.0pt 180.0pt 342.0pt 378.0pt;"><span style="height: 7px; margin-left: -4px; margin-top: 25px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 559px; z-index: 1;"><img height="7" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/RHYAKMAL/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="559" /></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">No <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Teks <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Halaman<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 21.3pt dotted 354.4pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Data hasil pengukur potensiometer putar</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">............................................. </span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">40</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 21.3pt dotted 354.4pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Data hasil pengukur komponen potensiometer geser</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">............................ </span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">40</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 21.3pt dotted 354.4pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Data hasil pengukur komponen LDR</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">................................................... </span>4</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">1</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 21.3pt dotted 354.4pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Data hasil pengukur Komponen Motor DC</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.......................................... </span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">42</span><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;"></span></div><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; 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mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Grafik Pada Potensiometer Geser<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">....................................................... </span> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">34</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: 21.3pt center dotted 360.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Grafik Pada Potensiometer Putar<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">........................................................ </span> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">34</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: 21.3pt center dotted 360.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Grafik Pada LDR<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">................................................................................ </span> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; 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font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: 21.3pt center dotted 360.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Grafik pada motor DC <span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">......................................................................... </span>35</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>Nur Akmal Abdullahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12009812217579462064noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3021558861706622751.post-46053475485299204392011-09-22T11:52:00.001-07:002011-09-22T11:52:42.491-07:00sampul ilmu ukur<!--[if !mso]> <style>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">LAPORAN LENGKAP </span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ILMU UKUR WILAYAH</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt;">24</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">1</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt;"> G </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">623)</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">NUR AKMAL ABDULLAH</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">G411 09 014</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">PROGRAM STUDI KETEKNIKAN PERTANIAN</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">JURUSAN TEKNOLOGI PERTANIAN</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">FAKULTAS PERTANIAN</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">UNIVERSITAS HASANUDDIN</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">MAKASSAR</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">20</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">1</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">HALAMAN PENGESAHAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">JUDUL<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: LAPORAN LENGKAP ILMU UKUR WILAYAH</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">41 G 623)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">NAMA<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: ASTI MIRANDA</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">NIM<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: G 411 09 264</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">PROG.STUDI <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: KETEKNIKAN PERTANIAN</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">KELOMPOK<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: VII<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(TUJUH)</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Laporan Lengkap ini Disusun Sebagai Salah Satu Syarat</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Untuk Melulusi Ujian Mata Kuliah </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">I</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">lmu Ukur Wilayah</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(24</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">1</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> G </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">62</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3)</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pada</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Jurusan Teknologi Pertanian</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Fakultas Pertanian</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Universitas Hasanuddin</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Makassar</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2011</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Menyetujui</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Asisten<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Asisten<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Asisten<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Asisten<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Asisten</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 4.5pt;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Husnul Mubarak</span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><u>Netty Christina. R</u><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><u>Nurhapisah</u><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><u>Reza Asra</u><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><u>Andi Tenri Were Sidra</u><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 4.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>G62107003<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>G62107025<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>G62107016<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>G62107030<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>G62108008</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 4.5pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Asisten<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Asisten<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Asisten<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Asisten<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Asisten<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Dwi Putri Nurmala Sari</span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><u>Nur Muchlisah Z</u> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><u>Rismawati</u> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><u>Siti Zoraidah</u></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><u>Sri Wahyuni Wero<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 4.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>G62108852</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>G62108272<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>G62108259<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>G62107011<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>G62108264</span><u><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Mengetahui </span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Koordinator Asisten</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Husnul Mubarak</span></u></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">G62107003</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Menyetujui</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Koordinator Mata Kuliah</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Dr. Ir. Mahmud Achmad, MP</span></u></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">NIP.197006031994031003</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tanggal Pengesahan :<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mei</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>20</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">1</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">KATA PENGANTAR</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Puji </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">dan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">syukur penulis ucapkan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">atas </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">kehadirat </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tuhan Yang Maha Esa,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>karena</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> berkat dan rahmat-Nya penulis</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> dapat menyelesaikan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“Laporan Lengkap </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">I</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">lmu Ukur Wilayah” </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">yang merupakan salah satu syarat untuk Melulusi Mata Kuliah</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">I</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">lmu Ukur Wilayah. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Penulis sadari</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> sepenuhnya dengan segala keterbatasan dan kelemahan penulis bahwa, </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Laporan Lengkap</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> ini masih jauh dari kesempurnaan. Penulis sangat mengharapkan saran dan kritik yang sifatnya membangun dari berbagai pihak demi kesempurnaan hasil penulisan ini.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Melalui </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">laporan lengkap</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> ini penulis dengan segala kerendahan hati mengucapkan terima kasih dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">kepada semua pihak yang telah membantu dalam penyusunan, sehingga laporan lengkap ini dapat diselesaikan sesuai dengan yang diharapkan.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Demikian penulis sampaikan,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">semoga </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">laporan lengkap </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">ini dapat bermanfaat bagi pembaca dan bernilai bagi perkembangan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">ilmu </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">pengetahuan perbengkelan. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 216.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Makassar,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mei<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2011 </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 288.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Penulis</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 156.0pt 168.0pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">DAFTAR ISI</span></b></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 156.0pt 168.0pt; text-align: right;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">HALAMAN JUDUL </span></b><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.................................................................................. </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>i</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">HALAMAN PENGESAHAN</span></b><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: FI;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.................................................................... </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>ii</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">KATA PENGANTAR</span></b><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: FI;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">................................................................................ </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>iii</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">DAFTAR </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">ISI</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">............................................................................................... </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">iv</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">DAFTAR TABEL</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">...................................................................................... </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>ix</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">DAFTAR LAMPIRAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">............................................................................... </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>x</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">DAFTAR GAMBAR </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.................................................................................. </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>x</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">i</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">........................................................................................................................ </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">vii</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: dotted 361.45pt right blank 411.1pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">P</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ENGENALAN ALAT</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">I.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Waterpass</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">............................................................................................ </span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">II.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Mistar</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">................................................................................................... </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">III.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Theodolit</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.............................................................................................. </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>6</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">IV.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Kiki tiga</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">................................................................................................ </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>8</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: dotted 361.45pt right blank 411.1pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">PROFIL MEMANJANG</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">I.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1.1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Latar Belakang<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">............................................................................... </span> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>9</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1.2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tujuan dan Kegunaan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.................................................................... </span> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>10</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">II.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>TINJAUAN PUSTAKA</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">..................................................................... </span> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>11</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">III.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>METODOLOGI</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3.1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Waktu dan Tempat<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">......................................................................... </span> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>16</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3.2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Alat dan Bahan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.............................................................................. </span> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>16</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3.3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Prosedur </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Kerja</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">................................................................................ </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>17</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3.4 Rumus yang Diigunakan…………………………………………..<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>18<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">IV.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4.1 Hasil<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">................................................................................................ </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>19</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4.2 Pembahasan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">..................................................................................... </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>19</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">V.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>PENUTUP</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>5.1 Kesimpulan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">...................................................................................... </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>21</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>5.2 Saran<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">................................................................................................ </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>21</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">LAMPIRA</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">N<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">POLYGON</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">I.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1.1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Latar Belakang<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">............................................................................... </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>30</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1.2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tujuan dan Kegunaan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.................................................................... </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>31</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">II.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>TINJAUAN PUSTAKA</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">..................................................................... </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>32</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">III.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>METODOLOGI</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3.1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Waktu dan Tempat<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">......................................................................... </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>37</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3.2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Alat dan Bahan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.............................................................................. </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>37</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3.3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Prosedur </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Kerja</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">................................................................................ </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>38</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3.4 Rumus yang Digunakan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.................................................................. </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>39</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">IV.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4.1 Hasil<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">................................................................................................ </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>41</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4.2 Pembahasan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">..................................................................................... </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>42</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">V.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>PENUTUP</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>5.1 Kesimpulan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">...................................................................................... </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>43</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>5.2 Saran<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">................................................................................................ </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>44</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">LAMPIRAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">GRIDDING</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">I.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1.1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Latar Belakang<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">............................................................................... </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>59</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1.2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tujuan dan Kegunaan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.................................................................... </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>60</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">II.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>TINJAUAN PUSTAKA</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">..................................................................... </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>61</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">III.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>METODOLOGI</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3.1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Waktu dan Tempat<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">......................................................................... </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>66</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3.2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Alat dan Bahan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.............................................................................. </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>66</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3.3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Prosedur </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Kerja</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">................................................................................ </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>67</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3.4 Rumus yang digunakan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">................................................................... </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>68</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">IV.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4.1 Hasil<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">................................................................................................ </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>69</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4.2 Pembahasan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">..................................................................................... </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>70</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">V.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>PENUTUP</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>5.1 Kesimpulan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">...................................................................................... </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>72</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>5.2 Saran<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">................................................................................................ </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>72</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">LAMPIRAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm 411.1pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">SURFER</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">I.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1.1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Latar Belakang<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">............................................................................... </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>81</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1.2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tujuan dan Kegunaan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.................................................................... </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>82</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">II.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>TINJAUAN PUSTAKA</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">..................................................................... </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>83</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">III.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>METODOLOGI</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3.1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Waktu dan Tempat<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">......................................................................... </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>88</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3.2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Alat dan Bahan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.............................................................................. </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>88</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3.3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Prosedur </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Kerja</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">................................................................................ </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>88</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">IV.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4.1 Hasil<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">................................................................................................ </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>96</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4.2 Pembahasan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">..................................................................................... </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>98</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">V.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>PENUTUP</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>5.1 Kesimpulan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">...................................................................................... </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>99</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>5.2 Saran<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">................................................................................................ </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">`<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>100</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">LAMPIRAN</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; tab-stops: dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm 411.1pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ARCVIEW</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">I.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1.1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Latar Belakang<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">............................................................................... </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>106</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1.2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tujuan dan Kegunaan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.................................................................... </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>107</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">II.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>TINJAUAN PUSTAKA</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">..................................................................... </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>108</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">III.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>METODOLOGI</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3.1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Waktu dan Tempat<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">......................................................................... </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>113</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3.2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Alat dan Bahan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.............................................................................. </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>113</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3.3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Prosedur </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Kerja</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">................................................................................ </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>113</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">IV.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4.1 Hasil<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">................................................................................................ </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>120</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4.2 Pembahasan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">..................................................................................... </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>120</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">V.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>PENUTUP</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>5.1 Kesimpulan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">...................................................................................... </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>121</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>5.2 Saran<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">................................................................................................ </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>123</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 27.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 185%; tab-stops: 9.0pt dotted 361.45pt right blank 14.0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: right 14.0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: right 14.0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: right 14.0cm;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: right 14.0cm; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: right 14.0cm; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: right 14.0cm; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: right 14.0cm; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: right 14.0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">D</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">AFTAR TABEL</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: right 14.0cm; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: right 14.0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">NO</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Teks<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Halaman</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: dotted 360.0pt right blank 14.0cm;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tabel Hasil Pengukuran profil memanjang<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">............................................... </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">19</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: dotted 360.0pt right blank 14.0cm;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tabel</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> 1</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Hasil Pengukuran polygon</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.......................................................... </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">41</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: dotted 360.0pt right blank 14.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">3.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tabel</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> 1</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Hasil Pengukuran</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>polygon</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">......................................................... </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>41</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: dotted 360.0pt right blank 14.0cm;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tabel</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> 1</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Hasil Pengukuran </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Beda Tinggi Pada </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">grid</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ding</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">............................ </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">69</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: dotted 360.0pt right blank 14.0cm; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">4.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tabel</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> 2</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Hasil Pengukuran grid</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ding</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> dengan menggunakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>nim<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.............. </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">70</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: dotted 360.0pt right blank 14.0cm; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">5.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tabel data excel surfer<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.............................................................................. </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">96</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: right 14.0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: right 14.0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: right 14.0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: right 14.0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: right 14.0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: right 14.0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: right 14.0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: right 14.0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: right 14.0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: right 14.0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: right 14.0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: right 14.0cm;"><br />
</div><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" /> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: right 14.0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">DAFTAR LAMPIRAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: right 14.0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">NO</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Teks<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Halaman</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: dotted 360.0pt right blank 14.0cm;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tabel Hasil Pengukuran profil memanjang<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">............................................... </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">24</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: dotted 360.0pt right blank 14.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Perhitungan Profil Memenjang<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">................................................................. </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>24</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: dotted 360.0pt right blank 14.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">3.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Denah </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengukuran profil memanjang</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">....................................................... </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>27</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: dotted 360.0pt right blank 14.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">4.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Grafik Cut And Fill<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.................................................................................. </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>28</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: dotted 360.0pt right blank 14.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">5</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tabel Hasil Pengukuran polygon<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.............................................................. </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>45</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: dotted 360.0pt right blank 14.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">6.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Perhitungan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengukuran polygon</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">............................................................. </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>45</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: dotted 360.0pt right blank 14.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">7.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Denah </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengukuran polygon</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">...................................................................... </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>58</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: dotted 360.0pt right blank 14.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">8</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tabel Hasil Pengukuran grid</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ding</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">............................................................. </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">4</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: dotted 360.0pt right blank 14.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">9.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Perhitungan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengukuran grid</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ding<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">............................................................ </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>75 </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: dotted 360.0pt right blank 14.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">10</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> Denah </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengukuran grid</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ding </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">................................................................... </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>80</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: dotted 360.0pt right blank 14.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">11. Gridding Report<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">...................................................................................... </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>101</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: right 14.0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: right 14.0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: right 14.0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: right 14.0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: right 14.0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: right 14.0cm;"><br />
</div><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" /> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: right 14.0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">DAFTAR </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">GAMBAR</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: right 14.0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">NO</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Teks<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Halaman</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: dotted 360.0pt right blank 14.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">1.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bagian – bagian dari theodolit<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.................................................................. </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: dotted 360.0pt right blank 14.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bagian – bagian dari kaki 3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">...................................................................... </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>7</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: dotted 360.0pt right blank 14.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">3.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bagian – bagian dari waterpass<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">................................................................ </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> 14</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: dotted 360.0pt right blank 14.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">4.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bagian – bagian dari Bak ukur<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">................................................................. </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>16</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: dotted 360.0pt right blank 14.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">5.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gambar Poligon<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">........................................................................................ </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>59</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: dotted 360.0pt right blank 14.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">6.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gambar kontur<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.......................................................................................... </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>98</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: dotted 360.0pt right blank 14.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">7.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gambar 3 D<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.............................................................................................. </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>98</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: dotted 360.0pt right blank 14.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">8.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gambar kontur dan 3 yang telah disatukan (overlay maps)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">..................... </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>98</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: right 14.0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: right 14.0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: right 14.0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: right 14.0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: right 14.0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: right 14.0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: right 14.0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div>Nur Akmal Abdullahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12009812217579462064noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3021558861706622751.post-90030408018968188092011-09-22T11:50:00.000-07:002011-09-22T11:50:29.565-07:00METODOLOGI PENYAJIAN ILMIAH<!--[if !mso]> <style>
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</style> <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="1027"/> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapelayout v:ext="edit"> <o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1"/> </o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--> <br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">METODOLOGI PENYAJIAN ILMIAH</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(alternatif pengganti bahan bakar BBM)</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: center;"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">NAMA:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nur Akmal Abdullah</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">NIM: <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>G411 09 014</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Prodi Keteknikan Pertanian</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Jurusan Teknologi Pertanian</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Fakultas Pertanian</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Universitas Hasanuddin</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Makassar</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">2010</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">1. Latar Belakang</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada saat ini bahan bakar minyak (BBM) yang ada di pasaran disintesa dari produk petrokimia yang menggunakan bahan baku berasal dari minyak bumi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ketersediaan minyak bumi sangat terbatas dan merupakan sumber daya alam yang tidak dapat diperbaharui, sehingga harganya akan semakin meningkat. Indonesia yang saat ini dikenal sebagai salah satu negara pengekspor minyak bumi diperkirakan juga akan mengimpor bahan bakar minyak pada 20 tahun mendatang, karena produksi dalam negeri tidak dapat lagi memenuhi permintaan pasar yang meningkat cepat akibat pertumbuhan penduduk dan industri. Untuk mengatasi krisis BBM ini, pemerintah mengeluarkan kebijakan penghematan BBM yang dituangkan dalam Instruksi Presiden No. 10 tahun 2005. Inpres ini mengatur tentang langkah-langkah yang harus dilaksanakan dalam rangka penghematan BBM. Selain upaya penghematan, maka upaya untuk mengatasi krisis BBM juga dapat dilakukan dengan mengalihkan pemanfaatan energi fosil (minyak) kepada energi yang terbarukan (<i>renewable energy</i>). </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Upaya ke arah penyediaan bahan bakar alternatif selain bahan bakar fosil terus diupayakan, antara lain dengan mengubah bentuk mesin serta menyediakan sumber energi lain selain bahan bakar fosil. Di Indonesia, Penelitian tentang alternatif pengganti bahan bakar fosil sudah lama dilakukan yaitu dengan mencari bahan baku atau sumber daya alam yang dapat diperbaharui. Indonesia merupakan Negara agraris yang kaya akan sumber daya alam, sehingga mempunyai potensi untuk menjadi pemimpin dalam energi yang terbarukan ini. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Energi terbarukan yang dapat digunakan adalah etanol dan biodiesel yang bahan bakunya sangat melimpah di Indonesia. Bahan baku biodiesel atau etanol dapat berupa ketela pohon, tetes tebu, kelapa sawit atau biji jarak. Tanaman-tanaman penghasil biodiesel ini juga dapat dimanfaatkan untuk menyerap gas-gas CO</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">dari udara untuk mengurangi pemanasan global sebagaimana yang telah dicantumkan dalam <i>Kyoto Protocol</i>. Selain itu, bahan baku lain yang dapat diolah menjadi biodiesel juga dapat berasal dari bahan tidak terpakai atau limbah seperti eceng gondok, minyak bekas pakai, gas methanol dari sampah atau kotoran hewan serta limbah minyak kelapa sawit. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tanaman jarak sudah dikenal oleh masyarakat, tetapi hanya sebatas sebagai tanaman pagar atau pembatas sawah petani, karena dianggap tidak ekonomis, sedangkan daun dan buahnya hanya digunakan untuk pakan ternak. Tanaman jarak adalah salah satu tanaman yang mempunyai potensi untuk dikembangkan sebagai bahan baku biodiesel. Berdasarkan hasil Penelitian Manurung (2005), maka biji jarak dapat menghasilkan minyak yang dapat digunakan sebagai bahan bakar pengganti minyak diesel (solar) dan minyak tanah. Ekstraksi minyak dari buah jarak akan meningkatkan nilai ekonomi dari pohon jarak. Tanaman jarak dapat menghasilkan 40 ton biji per hektar dengan harga jual Rp.2000/kg. Minyak jarak dihasilkan dari daging buah biji jarak melalui proses ekstraksi dengan menggunakan mesin pengepres minyak. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan diketahui bahwa kadar lemak kasar yang terdapat pada biji jarak adalah 47.25%, protein kasar 24.60% , serat kasar 10.12%, kadar air 5.5%, abu 4.5% dan karbohidrat 7.99%. Kandungan iodin minyak biji jarak juga cukup tinggi yaitu 105,2 mg iodine/g. Biji jarak yang mengandung minyak dengan kadar cukup tinggi ini sangat mudah diekstraksi. Dalam perhitungan matematis, untuk membangkitkan pembangkit listrik tenaga diesel berkekuatan 1 Megawatt dibutuhkan 90 hektar pohon jarak (Suara Pembaruan, 2005).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pohon jarak berasal dari Afrika Selatan, dan sudah dikenal oleh bangsa Indonesia sejak tahun 1940-an, saat penjajah Jepang menggunakan minyak jarak untuk penerangan di rumah-rumah penduduk dan sumber energi untuk menggerakkan alat-alat perang (Suara Pembaruan, 2005).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Di Indonesia, biodiesel khususnya biodiesel dari minyak jarak belum dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan bakar, baik untuk transportasi maupun industri. Berdasarkan hal ini, maka Departemen Teknologi Pertanian Fakultas Pertanian USU tertarik untuk melakukan penelitian mengenai proses pembuatan minyak jarak sebagai bahan bakar alternatif.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">2. Tujuan Penelitian</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Mengetahui komposisi kimia biji jarak</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Mendapatkan metode ekstraksi minyak biji jarak yang terbaik yang dapat menghasilkan rendemen minyak tertinggi.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Mengetahui komposisi asam lemak dari minyak biji jarak yang dihasilkan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Mempelajari aplikasi dari minyak biji jarak pada mesin diesel</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">3. Manfaat Penelitian</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dari hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat diperoleh data dasar tentang sifat fisik dan komposisi biji jarak, proses pembuatan minyak jarak serta karakteristik dari minyak jarak. Data dasar tersebut berguna untuk merancang dan membangun alat pengepres minyak jarak yang dapat diterapkan di tingkat pengguna yaitu petani dan pengusaha minyak jarak. Dari data karakteristik minyak jarak juga dapat diketahui arah pemanfaatan minyak jarak, yang salah satunya adalah sebagai bahan bakar alternatif.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">4. Hipotesis Penelitian</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Diduga metode pemanasan yang berbeda terhadap biji jarak sebelum diekstraksi akan mempengaruhi rendemen minyak biji jarak yang dihasilkan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;">TINJAUAN PUSTAKA</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">1. Tanaman Jarak</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tanaman jarak (<i>Jatropha curcas </i>L.) dikenal sebagai jarak pagar, dan merupakantanaman semak yang tumbuh dengan cepat hingga mencapai ketinggian 3-5 meter. Tanaman ini tahan kekeringan dan dapat tumbuh di tempat-tempat dengan curah hujan 200 mm hingga 1500 mm per tahun. Daerah penyebaran tanaman terletak antara 40</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">o </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">LS sampai 50</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">o </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">LU dengan ketinggian optimal 0-800 meter di atas permukaan laut (Hamdi, 2005).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tanaman jarak memerlukan iklim yang kering dan panas terutama pada saat berbuah. Suhu yang rendah pada saat penanaman dan pembungaan akan sangat merugikan karena mudah terserang jamur. Tanaman jarak pagar tumbuh di daerah tropis dan subtropis, dengan suhu optimum 20 – 35</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">o </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">C. Kelembaban yang tinggi akan mendorong perkembangan jamur sehingga akan menurunkan produktivitas. Tanaman jarak pagar tergolong tanaman hari panjang, yaitu tanaman yang memerlukan sinar matahari langsung dan terus menerus sepanjang hari. Tanaman tidak boleh terlindung dari tanaman lainnya, yang berakibat akan menghambat pertumbuhannya (Hamdi, 2005).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Faktor utama yang berpengaruh terhadap tanaman adalah intensitas hujan, hari hujan perbulan dan panjang bulan basah. Intensitas hujan yang tinggi dalam bulan-bulan basah, akan mengakibatkan timbulnya serangan cendawan dan bakteri, baik di bagian atas maupun bagian dalam tanah. Pada saat berbunga dan berbuah membutuhkan bulan kering minimal 3 bulan (Hamdi, 2005).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tanaman jarak tidak memerlukan tanah subur, tetapi lebih sesuai bila struktur tanahnya ringan. Umumnya produksi maksimum dicapai pada tanaman yang tumbuh di tanah lempung berpasir dengan pH 5 – 6.5. Jarak tidak tahan terhadap genangan air, sehingga drainase harus dilakukan dengan baik. Tanah yang ditanami harus bebas dari naungan sehingga mendapatkan sinar matahari yang cukup (Hamdi, 2005).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jarak pagar hampir tidak memiliki hama karena sebagian besar bagian tubuhnya beracun. Tanaman ini mulai berbuah setelah berusia lima bulan dan mencapai produktivitas penuh pada usia 5 tahun. Buahnya berbentuk ellips dengan panjang 1 inchi dan memiliki 2-3 biji. Umur tanaman ini dapat mencapai 50 tahun <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Suara Pembaruan,2005).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Saat ini cara bercocok tanam jarak masih dilakukan secara sederhana, dan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">biasanya dilakukan bersama-sama dengan tanaman palawija seperti jagung, padi gogo, kedele, kacang tanah dan ketela pohon. Penanaman jarak dilakukan dengan cara memasukkan 2-3 biji pada setiap lubang sedalam kira-kira 3 cm pada tanah yang telah digemburkan dan diratakan. Waktu tanam perlu disesuaikan dengan keadaan iklim setempat serta jenis jarak yang akan ditanam. Penanaman sebaiknya dilakukan pada akhir musim hujan, untuk menjaga agar saat pembungaan tidak terkena hujan yang dapat mengakibatkan gugurnya bunga. Untuk mempercepat perkembangan dan pertumbuhan biji secara serentak, sebelum ditanam biji direndam selama 24 jam. Pemeliharaan tanaman dan pemupukan dapat dilakukan pada waktu tanaman berumur 3 minggu </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(Ketaren, 1986).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemupukan dapat diberikan dua kali yaitu pada saat tanam dan setelah tanaman berumur 3-4 minggu. Dipakai system hara berimbang (NPK) dosis pemakaian per hektar lahan 200 kg urea, 100 kg TSP dan 50 kg KCl. Tiap pohon memerlukan 50 gra, campuran urea, TSP dan KCL 2:2:1 pada saat tanam dan 20 gram urea setelah 3-4 minggu. Pemupukan dilakukan dengan melubangi tanah sedalam 5-7 cm di sekitar pohon sejauh 5-10 cm, kemudian ditutup tanah kembali. Panen buah jarak dapat dilakukan pada saat buah jarak sudah mulai tua, yang ditandai dengan 75% buah pada sebuah malai sudah mengering. Ciri-ciri buah yang sudah dapat dipanen adalah batas antar ruang biji sudah tampak jelas bergaris. Pada satu buah terdapat 3 biji. Waktu panen harus tepat sebab keterlambatan akan mengakibatkan pecahnya kulit biji dan biji akan terlempar keluar (Trubus, 2005).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Panen dilakukan dengan cara memotong malai menggunakan pisau yang tajam. Buah yang masih berkulit kemudian dijemur selama 3 hari dan kulit buah akan pecah dengan sendirinya. Biji-biji yang diperoleh dijemur kembali sampai kering kemudian disimpan (Ketaren, 1986). </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Biji dan buah dipisahkan dengan cara ditampi kemudian biji dijemur kembali hingga kering dan siap diolah menjadi minyak jarak pagar. Hasil panen</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">tergantung dari kondisi tanah dan pemeliharaan. Satu pohon jarak dapat menghasilkan 10-15 kg/tahun apabila tanaman dipelihara dan diberi pemupukan dengan baik (Hamdi, 2005).\</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2. Manfaat Tanaman Jarak</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bagian tanaman jarak yang dapat dimanfaatkan adalah biji, akar, daun dan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">minyak dari bijinya. Bagian daun digunakan sebagai obat untuk penyakit koreng,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">eczema, gatal (pruritus), batuk sesak dan hernia. Bagian akar digunakan untuk rematik sendi, tetanus, epilepsy, bronchitis pada anak-anak, luka terpukul, TBC kelenjar dan <i>schizophrenia </i>(gangguan jiwa). Bagian biji digunakan untuk mengurangi kesulitan buang air besar (konstipasi), kanker mulut rahim dan kulit (<i>carcinoma of cervix and skin</i>), <i>visceroptosis/gastroptosis</i>, kesulitan melahirkan dan retensi plasenta/ari-ari, kelumpuhan oton muka, TBC kelenjar, bisul, koreng, <i>scabies </i>,infeksi jamur dan bengkak. Minyak jarak dihasilkan dari biji buah jarak dengan proses ekstraksi menggunakan mesin pengepres atau menggunakan pelarut. <i>Crude bio oil </i>dihasilkan dengan cara ekstraksi menggunakan pelarut dan kemudian dilanjutkan dengan proses pirolisis, dan untuk menghasilkan modified bio oil dilanjutkan dengan proses partial cracking. <i>Modified bio oil </i>dapat digunakan sebagai bahan substitusi minyak tanah (Suara Pembaruan, 2005).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bahan bakar biji jarak ini dapat digunakan sebagai alternatif sumber energi yaitu sebagai pengganti bahan bakar solar, sehingga bias digunakan untuk mobil</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">dengan mesin diesel, mesin penggilingan beras dan kapal-kapal nelayan .</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Minyak jarak dan turunannya digunakan dalam industri cat, <i>varnish, lacquer</i>,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">pelumas, tinta cetak, linoleum, oil cloth dan sebagai bahan baku dalam industri-industri plastic dan nilon. Dalam jumlah kecil minyak jarak dan turunannya juga digunakan untuk pembuatan kosmetik, semir dan lilin (Ketaren, 1986).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sebelum digunakan untuk berbagai keperluan, minyak jarak perlu diolah lebih dahulu. Pengolahan ini meliputi dehidrasi, oksidasi, hidrogenasi, sulfitasi, penyabunan dan sebagainya. Pengolahan tersebut mengakibatkan perubahan sifat fisiko-kimia minyak jarak (Ketaren, 1986).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">3. Komposisi Kimia Biji dan Minyak Jarak</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Biji jarak terdiri dari 75% kernel (daging biji) dan 25% kulit dengan komposisi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">kimia seperti pada Tabel 1. Minyak jarak mempunyai kandungan asam lemak seperti pada Tabel 2.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">Tabel 1. Komposisi kimia biji jarak (Ketaren, 1986)\</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Komponen <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Jumlah (%)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Minyak <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>54</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Karbohidrat <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>13</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Serat <span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>12.5</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Abu <span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2.5</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Protein <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>18</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">Tabel 2. Kandungan asam lemak minyak biji jarak (Ketaren, 1986)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Asam Lemak<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span> Jumlah (%)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Asam Risinoleat <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>86</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Asam Oleat <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>8.5</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Asam Linoleat <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3.5</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Asam Stearat <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0.5-2.0</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Asam Dihidroksi <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Stearat 1-2</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">4. Sifat Fisik dan Kimia Minyak Jarak</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Minyak jarak mempunyai rasa asam dan dapat dibedakan dengan trigliserida lainnya karena bobot jenis. Kekentalan (viskositas) dan bilangan asetil serta kelarutannyadalam alkohol nilainya relatif tinggi. Minyak jarak larut dalam etil alcohol 95% padasuhu kamar serta pelarut organik yang polar, dan sedikit larut dalam golonganhidrokarbon alifatis. Nilai kelarutan dalam petroleum eter relative rendah, dan dapatdipakai untuk membedakannya dengan golongan trigliserida lainnya. Kandungantokoferol relatif kecil (0.05%), serta kandungan asam lemak essensial yang sangat rendahmenyebabkan minyak jarak tersebut berbeda dengan minyak nabati lainnya (Ketaren,1986).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sifat fisik dan kimia minyak jarak dapat dilihat pada Tabel 3.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tabel 3. Sifat fisik dan kimia minyak jarak</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Karakteristik <span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span>Nilai</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Viskositas (<i>gardner-hold</i>), <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>25</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">o </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">C u-v (6.3-8.8 st)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bobot Jenis <span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>20/20</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">o </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">C 0.957 – 0.963</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bilangan Asam <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0.4 – 4.0</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bilangan Penyabunan <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>176 – 181</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bilangan tak Tersabun <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>0.7</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bilangan Iod (<i>Wijs</i>) <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>82 – 88</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Warna (<i>appearance</i>) <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bening</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Warna Gardner (max) <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Tidak lebih gelap dari 3’</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Indeks Bias<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1,477 – 1,478</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kelarutan dalam alkohol (20</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">o</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">C) <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Jernih (tidak keruh)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bilangan asetil <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>145 – 154</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Titik Nyala (<i>tag close cup</i>) <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>230 </span><span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">̊</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">C</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Titik Nyala (<i>cleveland open cup</i>) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>285 </span><span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">̊</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">C</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Antoignition temperature <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">449 </span><span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">̊</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">C</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Titik Api <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>322 </span><span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">̊</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">C</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Titik Didih <span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span>Dec</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Putaran optik, 200 mm <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+7, 5</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">sD </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">+ 9,0</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Koefisien Muai per </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">o </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">C <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>0,00066</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pour Point<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span> </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">-33</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">o</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">C</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tegangan Permukaan pada 20</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">o </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">C <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>39,9 dyne/cm</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sumber : Bailey (!950) di dalam Ketaren (1986)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sebagai alternatif bahan bakar minyak, maka minyak biji jarak sudah memenuhi syarat ideal sebuah bahan bakar, yaitu nilai kalorinya 35,58 MJ/kg, bilangan asam 3,08<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mg KOH/g, titik nyala 290</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">o</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">C, viskositas 50,80 cSt dan densitas 0,0181 g/cm</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">. Minyak jarak <i>Jatropha curcas </i>L berwarna kuning bening, memiliki bilangan iodine tinggi yaitu 105,2 mg yang berarti kandungan minyak tak jenuhnya sangat tinggi, terutama terdiri atas asam oleat dan linoleat yang mencapai 90% (Trubus, 2005). </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Minyak jarak pagar (jatropha) mempunyai ikatan rangkap sehingga viskositasnya rendah (encer), sedangkan minyak jarak ricinus (<i>Ricinus communis</i>), tidak memiliki ikatan rangkap dan mempunyai gugus OH sehingga minyaknya lebih kental. Pada suhu 25</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">o</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">C viskositas minyak jarak ricinus mencapai 600-800 cP dan pada suhu 100</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">o</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">C mencapai 15-20 cP, sehingga minyak jarak ricinus sesuai untuk digunakan sebagai pelumas (Trubus, 2005).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Minyak jarak ricinus mengandung asam risinoleat yang sangat tinggi yaitu 89,5%, juga ngandung asam lemak linoleat 4,2%, asam oleat 3,0%, asam stearat 1,0%. Asamrisinoleat mempunyai nilai saponifikasi 186, nilai wijs iodine 89 dan titik leleh 5,5</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">o</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">C (Trubus, 2005).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">5. Proses Pengolahan Minyak Biji Jarak</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Proses pengolahan minyak biji jarak dari biji buah jarak meliputi : pengeringan buah jarak untuk mengeluarkan biji dari buah jarak, pengeringan biji jarak hingga diperoleh kadar air biji 6%, pemisahan kulit biji (cangkang) dengan daging biji yang dapat dilakukan secara manual atau menggunakan mesin pemisah biji jarak, proses pemanasan daging biji (steam) pada suhu 170</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">o</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">C selama 30 menit, penghancuran daging biji , pengepresan minyak dengan menggunakan mesin pengepres, dan penyaringan minyak (Trubus, 2005).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bungkil biji jarak dari hasil pengepresan minyak jarak dapat digunakan sebagai pakan ternak setelah terlebih dahulu membuang racun ricin dan kurkinnya. Kadar racun jarak yang ditanam di Indonesia belum diketahui, sedangkan jarak <i>Riccinus communis</i> yang dibudidayakan di negara-negara lain seperti Afrika Selatan, Israel dan Turki berkadar ricin 3,3-3,9 mg/g. Setelah proses pemanasan racun kurkin akan kehilangan daya toksiknya, sedangkan racun ricin dapat dihilangkan dengan perlakuan kimiawi, yaitu dengan menambahkan etanol dan NaOH. Tempurung jarak juga masih dapat dimanfaatkan melalui teknologi pirolisa dan dapat digunakan sebagai bahan bakar kompor (Trubus, 2005).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">6. Karakteristik Umum Biodiesel</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Karakteristik umum yang perlu diketahui untuk menilai kinerja bahan bakar diesel antara lain viskositas, <i>cetane index</i>, berat jenis, titik tuang, nilai kalor pembakaran, volatilitas, kadar residu karbon, kadar air dan sediment, indeks diesel, titik embun, kadar sulfur dan titik nyala.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Viskositas adalah tahanan yang dimiliki fluida yang dialirkan dalam pipa kapiler Terhadap gaya gravitasi, biasanya dinyatakan dalam waktu yang diperlukan untuk mengalir pada jarak tertentu. Ika viskositas semakin tinggi, maka tahanan untuk mengalir akan semakin tinggi. Karakteristik ini sangat penting karena mempengaruhi kinerja injektor pada mesin diesel. Atomisasi bahan bakar sangat bergantung pada viskositas, tekanan injeksi serta ukuran lubang injektor <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Shreve, 1956).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada umumnya, bahan bakar harus mempunyai viskositas yang relatif rendah agar dapat mudah mengalir dan teratomisasi Hal ini dikarenakan putaran mesin yang cepat membutuhkan injeksi bahan bakar yang cepat pula. Namun tetap ada batas minimal karena diperlukan sifat pelumasan yang cukup baik untuk mencegah terjadinya keausan akibat gerakan piston yang cepat (Shreve, 1956).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Angka setana menunjukkan kemampuan bahan bakar untuk menyala sendiri (<i>auto gnition</i>). Skala untuk angka setana biasanya menggunakan referensi berupa campuran antara normal setana (C</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 200%;">16</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">H</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 200%;">34</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">) dengan <i>alpha methyl naphthalene </i>(C</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 200%;">10</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">H</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 200%;">7</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">CH</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 200%;">3</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">) atau dengan <i>heptamethylnonane </i>(C</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 200%;">16</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">H</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 200%;">34</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">). Normal setana memiliki angka setana 100, <i>alpha methyl</i> <i>naphtalene </i>memiliki angka setana 0, dan <i>heptamethylnonane </i>memiliki angka setana 15. Angka setana suatu bahan bakar biasanya didefinisikan sebagai persentase volume dari normal setana dengan campurannya tersebut (Shreve, 1956).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Angka setana yang tinggi menunjukkan bahwa bahan bakar dapat menyala pada temperatur yang relatif rendah, dan sebaliknya angka setana rendah menunjukkan bahan bakar baru dapat menyala pada temperatur yang relatif tinggi. Penggunaan bahan bakar mesin diesel yang mempunyai angka setana yang tinggi dapat mencegah terjadinya <i>knocking </i>karena begitu bahan bakar diinjeksikan ke dalam silinder pembakaran maka bahan bakar akan langsung terbakar dan tidak terakumulasi (Shreve, 1956).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">- Berat Jenis</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Berat jenis menunjukkan perbandingan berat per satuan volume, karakteristik ini berkaitan dengan nilai kalor dan daya yang dihasilkan oleh mesin diesel per satuan volume bahan bakar. Berat jenis bahan bakar diesel diukur dengan menggunakan metode ASTM D287 atau ASTM D1298 dan mempunyai satuan kilogram per meter kubik (kg/m</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 200%;">3</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 271.5pt; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">- Titik Tuang<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Titik tuang adalah titik temperatur terendah dimana mulai terbentuk kristal-kristal parafin yang dapat menyumbat saluran bahan bakar. Titik tuang ini dipengaruhi oleh derajat ketidakjenuhan (angka iodium),semakin tinggi ketidakjenuhan maka titik tuang semakin rendah. Titik tuang juga dipengaruhi oleh panjang rantai karbon, semakin panjang rantai karbon maka semakin tinggi titik tuang. Karakteristik ini ditentukan dengan menggunakan metoda ASTM D97 (Shreve, 1956).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">- Nilai Kalor Pembakaran</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Nilai kalor pembakaran menunjukkan energi kalor yang dikandung dalam tiap satuan massa bahan bakar. Nilai kalor dapat diukur dengan bomb calorimeter kemudian dimasukkan dalam rumus :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">8100C + 3400 (H-O/8) Nilai Kalor = kkal/kg 100 Nilai kalor H, C, dan O dinyatakan dalam persentase berat setiap unsur yang terkandung dalam satu kilogram bahan bakar (Shreve, 1956).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">- Volatilitas</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Volatilitas adalah sifat kecenderungan bahan bakar untuk berubah fasa menjadi fasa uap. Tekanan uap yang tinggi dan titik didih yang rendah menandakan tingginya volatilitas (Shreve, 1956).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">- Kadar Residu Karbon</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kadar residu karbon menunjukkan kadar fraksi hidrokarbon yang mempunyai titik didih lebih tinggi dari range bahan bakar . Adanya fraksi hidrokarbon ini menyebabkan menumpuknya residu karbon dalam ruang pembakaran yang dapat mengurangi kinerja mesin. Pada temperatur tinggi deposit karbon ini dapat membara, sehingga menaikkan temperatur silinder pembakaran (Shreve, 1956).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">- Kadar Air dan Sedimen</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada negara yang mempunyai musim dingin kandungan air yang terkandung dalam bahan bakar dapat membentuk kristal yang dapat menyumbat aliran bahan bakar. Selain itu, keberadaan air dapat menyebabkan korosi dan pertumbuhan mikroorganisme yang juga dapat menyumbat aliran bahan bakar. Sedimen dapat menyebabkan penyumbatan juga dan kerusakan mesin </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(Shreve, 1956).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">- Indeks Diesel</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Indeks diesel adalah suatu parameter mutu penyalaan pada bahan bakar mesin diesel selain angka setana. Mutu penyalaan dari bahan bakar diesel dapat diartikan sebagai waktu yang diperlukan untuk bahan bakar agar dapat menyala di ruang pembakaran dan diukur setelah penyalaan terjadi. cara menentukkan indeks diesel dari suatu bahan bakar mesin diesel dapat dihitung dengan menggunakan rumus di bawah ini : Titik Anilin (</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">o</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">F) x API Gravity</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Indeks Diesel = 100</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dari rumus di atas dapat diketahui bahwa nilai indeks diesel dipengaruhi oleh titik</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">anilin dan berat jenisnya (Shreve, 1956).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">- Titik Embun</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Titik embun adalah suhu dimana mulai terlihatnya cahaya yang berwarna suram relative terhadap cahaya sekitarnya pada permukaan minyak diesel dalam proses pendinginan. Karakteristik ini ditentukan dengan menggunakan metoda ASTM D97.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">- Kadar Sulfur</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kadar sulfur dalam bahan bakar diesel dari hasil penyulingan pertama (<i>straightrun</i>) sangat bergantung pada asal minyak mentah yang akan diolah. Pada umumnya, kadar sulfur dalam bahan bakar diesel adalah 50-60% dari kandungan dalam minyak mentahnya. Kandungan sulfur yang berlebihan dalam bahan bakar diesel dapat menyebabkan terjadinya keausan pada bagian-bagian mesin. Hal ini terjadi karena adanya partikel-partikel padat yang terbentuk ketika terjadi pembakaran dan dapat juga disebabkan karena keberadaan oksida belerang seperti SO</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 200%;">2 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">dan SO</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 200%;">3</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">. Karakteristik ini ditentukan dengan menggunakan metode ASTM D1551 (Shreve, 1956).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">- Titik nyala ( flash point)</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Titik nyala adalah titik temperatur terendah dimana bahan bakar dapat menyala. Hal ini berkaitan dengan keamanan dalam penyimpanan dan penanganan bahan bakar (Shreve, 1956).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;">III BAHAN DAN METODE</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">1. Tempat dan Waktu Penelitian</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Penelitian dilakukan selama 3 (tiga) bulan dari bulan Juli hingga September 2005, dan dilaksanakan di laboratorium Departemen Teknologi Pertanian Fakultas Pertanian USU Medan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">2. Bahan dan Alat Penelitian</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bahan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah biji jarak yang berasal dari tanaman jarak pagar (<i>Jatropha curcas </i>L) yang sudah tua yang diperoleh dari petani serta dari hasil tanaman jarak yang ditanam di areal Fakultas Pertanian USU. Biji jarak yang digunakan adalah biji jarak yang sudah tua yang ditandai dengan kulit buah yang sudah mengering dan batas antar ruang biji di dalam buah sudar terlihat jelas bergaris. Bahan lainnya adalah bahan-bahan kimia untuk analisa kadar lemak, kadar protein, serta analisa karakteristik minyak biji jarak yaitu bilangan iod dan bilangan asam. Alat-alat yang digunakan dalam Penelitian ini terdiri dari mesin pengupas biji jarak, dan mesin pengepres minyak jarak yaitu <i>hydraulic press </i>serta alat-alat gelas untuk analisa kimia minyak jarak yang dihasilkan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">3. Metodologi Penelitian</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Penelitian ini dilakukan dalam 2 (dua) tahap, yaitu : Tahap I : Penentuan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Komposisi Kimia Biji Jarak, Tahap II : Pengaruh Metode Ekstraksi Terhadap Mutu Minyak Jarak.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">Tahap I : Penentuan Komposisi Kimia Biji Jarak</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui komposisi kimia dari biji jarak. Penelitian dilakukan dengan cara mengamati biji jarak yaitu : berat biji rata-rata, berat cangkang dan berat daging bijinya, kemudian dilakukan analisa proksimat terhadap kadarair (metode oven, AOAC, 1995), kadar lemak (metode soxhlet), kadar protein (Kjeldahl), kadar abu dan karbohidrat (<i>by difference</i>), juga dilakukan analisa serat kasar dari biji jarak.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahap II : Pengaruh Metode Pemanasan Daging Buah Biji Jarak Terhadap</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">Rendemen Minyak</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Penelitian tahap II ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh metode pemanasan biji jarak sebelum diektraksi terhadap rendemen minyak jarak yang dihasilkan. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap dengan 3 perlakuan pemanasan sebelum diekstraksi yaitu dengan <i>cara blansir menggunakan uap</i> <i>air panas selama 30 menit pada suhu 170</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">o </span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">C, pemanasan dengan menggunakan oven</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> <i>suhu 105</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">o </span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">C dan pemanasan dengan cara penggongsengan biji. </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Percobaan dilakukan dalam 3 ulangan, dan proses ekstraksi minyak jarak dilakukan sebagai berikut :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Buah hasil panen dijemur di bawah sinar matahari selama 3 hari, hingga kadar airnya mencapai 6%. Kemudian dikumpukan dalam satu wadah.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dilakukan pemisahan daging buah dengan cangkang (tempurung) dengan menggunakan mesin pengupas biji jarak.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Daging buah dipanaskan sesuai dengan perlakuan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Daging buah dihancurkan dengan blender</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bubur buah yang dihasilkan dipress dengan mesin pengepress</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Minyak yang dihasilkan ditampung dan kemudian disaring</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dihitung rendemen minyak yang dihasilkan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Berat minyak jarak yang dihasilkan Rendemen = x 100%</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Berat Biji jarak yang digunakan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Metode pemanasan yang menghasilkan rendemen minyak yang terbanyak dipilih sebagai metode pemanasan yang terbaik. Minyak jarak yang dihasilkan juga dianalisis karakteristiknya yang meliputi bilangan iod, bilangan asam, BJdan indeks bias (Apriyantono <i>et al</i>, 1989).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">4. Metode Pengamatan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Karakteristik Minyak Jarak</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">a. Bilangan Iod (Metode Wijs, Apriyantono <i>et al</i>, 1989).</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sampel minyak ditimbang 0.5 g di dalam Erlenmeyer bertutup, kemudian dipanaskan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ditambahkan 15 ml kloroform untuk melarutkan sample minyak.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ditambahkan 25 ml pereaksi Wijs, ditempatkan di ruang gelap selama 30 menit sambil sekali-sekali dikocok.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ditambahkan 20 ml larutan KI 15%, dikocok merata. Erlenmeyer dan tutupnya dicuci dengan 100 ml aquades yang baru dan dingin, dan cucian dimasukkan ke dalam larutan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dititrasi dengan Na</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">S</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">O</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">0.1 N dengan pengocokan yang konstan. Digunakan pati 1%sebagai indikator.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Blanko dibuat seperti pada penetapan sample, dimana minyak diganti dengankloroform.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bilangan iod dihitung dengan menggunakan perhitungan berikut : (titer blanko – titer sample) x N Na</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">S</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">O</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">x 12.69 Bilangan iod = Berat sample (gram)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">b. Bilangan Asam (Apriyantono, 1989).</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bilangan asam dinyatakan sebagai jumlah milligram KOH yang dibutuhkan untuk menetralkan asam lemak bebas yang terdapat dalam 1 gram minyak atau lemak. Cara penentuan bilangan asam adalah sebagai berikut :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 38.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">20 g minyak ditimbang dalam Erlenmeyer 250 ml</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 38.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ditambahkan 50 ml alkohol 95% netral, dipanaskan hingga mendidih (± 10 menit) dalam penangas air sambil diaduk.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 38.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Larutan ini kemudian dititrasi dengan KOH 0.1 N, menggunakan indicator fenolftalein sampai terbentuk warna merah jambu yang persisten selama 10 detik.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 38.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bilangan asam dihitung dengan perhitungan berikut : ml KOH x N KOH x 56.1 Bilangan asam = Berat sample Ml KOH x N KOH x M Kadar asam = 10 G</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">G = berat sample</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">M = berat molekul asam lemak yang dominant dalam minyak.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">c. Berat Jenis (Apriyantono <i>et al</i>, 1989)</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Berat jenis (BJ) adalah perbandingan berat dari volume sample minyak dengan berat air yang volumenya sama pada suhu tertentu (25</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">o </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">C). Cara penentuan berat jenis adalah sebagai berikut :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 38.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pikonometer dibersihkan dan ditimbang</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 38.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kemudian piknometer diisi dengan aquades bersuhu 20-30</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">o </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">C. Pengisian dilakukan sampai air dalam botol meluap dan tidak ada gelembung udara di dalamnya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 38.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Setelah ditutup, botol direndam dalam bak air yang bersuhu 25</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">o </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">C dengan toleransi 0.2</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">o</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">C selama 30 menit.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 38.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Botol diangkat dari bak dan dikeringkan dengan kertas pengisap.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 38.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ditimbang berat botol dengan isinya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 38.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Contoh minyak jarak disaring dengan kertas saring untuk membuang benda asing dan kandungan air. Selanjutnya contoh minyak diperlakukan sama seperti langkah di atas.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 38.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Berat jenis minyak dihitung sebagai berikut : Berat botol dan minyak – berat botol BJ pada suhu 25/25</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">o </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">C = Berat air pada suhu 25</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">o </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">C</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">d. Indeks Bias (Apriyantono <i>et al</i>, 1989)</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Indeks bias didefenisikan sebagai Perbandingan dari kecepatan cahaya di udara dengan kecepatan cahaya dalam medium tertentu. Pengujian indeks bias dapat digunakan untuk menentukan kemurnian minyak dan dapat menentukan dengan cepat terjadinya hidrogenasi katalitis. Cara penentuannya adalah sebagai berikut :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Beberapa tetes minyak diteteskan pada prisma refraktometer Abbe, yang sudah distabilkan pada suhu tertentu.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dibiarkan selama 1-2 menit untuk mencapai suhu refraktometer.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dilakukan pembacaan indeks bias.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Indeks bias dikoreksi untuk suhu standar dengan menggunakan rumus berikut :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">R = R’ – K (T’-T)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">R = Indeks bias pada suhu standar</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">R’ = Indeks bias pada suhu pembacaan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">T = suhu standar</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">T’ = suhu pembacaan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">K = 0.000385</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">e. Warna</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Warna minyak jarak ditentukan secara visual (subjektif) yaitu dengan cara</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">mengamati warna dari minyak jarak yang dihasilkan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;">IV HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">1. Karakteristik Biji Jarak</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan pengamatan terhadap biji jarak yang meliputi rendemen biji, bentuk biji, perbandingan berat kulit biji dan endosperm (daging) biji serta komposisi kimia biji jarak.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">a. Bentuk dan Rendemen Biji Jarak</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Buah jarak berbentuk bulat lonjong dengan ukuran 3-3.5 cm panjang dan diameter</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">sekitar 2.5 cm. Buah jarak yang dapat dimanfaatkan bijinya sebagai sumber minyak adalah buah jarak yang sudah tua, dengan ciri-ciri batas antara ruang biji sudah tampak jelas bergaris. Pada satu buah terdapat 3 (tiga) biji. Biji jarak pagar berwarna hitam dan berbentuk lonjong. Panjang biji berkisar antara 1.5 – 2.0 cm sedangkan diameternya </span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;">± </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1 cm. Dari hasil pengamatan terhadap buah jarak yang baru dipanen, sebanyak 1 kg buah jarak akan menghasilkan 213 gram biji jarak yang masih mengandung air sebesar 48%. Hal ini berarti rendemen biji jarak dalam keadaan basah adalah 21.3% dan bagian terbesar dari buah jarak adalah daging buah yaitu 78.7%. Dalam pengolahan biji jarak menjadi minyak, maka biji jarak dikeringkan hingga kadar air mencapai 6%, sehingga dari 1 kg buah jarak basah akan diperoleh biji karet yang sudah kering sebanyak 117.4 g</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">atau 11.74%.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">b. Perbandingan Berat Kulit Biji dan Endosperm Biji Jarak</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Perbandingan antara berat kulit biji jarak dan endosperm (daging) biji jarak pada saat basah dapat dilihat pada Tabel 4.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tabel 4. Perbandingan berat kulit biji dan endosperm biji jarak basah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagian Biji Berat (g) <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Persentase</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kulit Biji 0.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>30</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">Endosperm Biji 0.7<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>70</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dari Tabel 4 diketahui perbandingan kulit dan endosperm biji jarak adalah 30%</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">kulit dan 70% daging (endosperm).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">c. Komposisi Kimia Biji Jarak</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Penentuan komposisi kimia biji jarak dilakukan dengan cara analisa proksimat biji yang hasilnya disajikan pada Tabel 5.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tabel 5. Komposisi kimia biji jarak</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Analisa Komposisi</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Lemak (% basis kering)<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span> 46.25</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Protein (% basis kering) <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>18.88</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Abu (% basis kering) <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>2.62</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Karbohidrat (basis kering) <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>32.25</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Air (basis basah) <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>48.06</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">Serat Kasar (basis kering) <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>15.1</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dari Tabel 5 dapat dilihat bahwa kadar lemak biji jarak mencapai 46%, sehingga</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">biji jarak sangat potensial digunakan sebagai sumber lemak/minyak. Selain itu biji jarak juga mengandung protein dan serat yang cukup tinggi. Pada proses pengolahan minyak biji jarak, protein dan serat ini masih tetap terdapat pada bungkil/ampasnya. Tetapi bungkil ini juga masih mengandung racun yaitu ricin dan kurkin. Racun kurkin dapat hilang pada proses pemanasan , sedang ricin dihilangkan dengan proses kimiawi, yaitu dengan menambahkan etanol dan natrium hidroksida (Trubus, 2005). Sehingga bungkil/ampas dari proses pembuatan minyak jarak cukup potensial untuk digunakan baik sebagai pakan ternak maupun bahan pangan. Pada penelitian ini komposisi asam lemak dari minyak jarak belum dilakukan. Berdasarkan hasil analisa dari Gubitz <i>et al., </i>(1998), maka komposisi asam lemak dari lemak biji jarak dapat dilihat pada Tabel 6. Asam lemak yang dominan terdapat pada minyak jarak adalah asam oleat dan linoleat yang merupakan asam lemak tidak jenuh. Asam oleat memiliki satu ikatan rangkap, sedangkan asam linoleat memiliki dua ikatan rangkap. Tingginya asam lemak tidak jenuh pada minyak jarak ini menyebabkan minyak jarak berbentuk cair pada suhu ruang. Asam oleat dan linoleat memiliki titik cair yang rendah, yaitu 14</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">o</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">C untuk oleat dan 11</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">o</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">C untuk asam linoleat (Ketaren, 1986).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tabel 6. Komposisi asam lemak minyak biji jarak *)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Asam Lemak <span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>Komposisi (%)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Asam Miristat <span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>0.0 – 0.1</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Asam Palmitat <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>14.1 – 15.3</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Asam Stearat<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span> 3.7 – 9.8</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Asam Arakidat <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>0.0 – 0.3</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Asam Behenat <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>0.0 – 0.2</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Asam Palmitoleat <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>0.0 – 1.3</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Asam Oleat <span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>34.3 – 45.8</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Asam Linoleat <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>29.0 – 44.2</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Asam Linolenat <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>0.0 – 0.3</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">*) Sumber : Gubitz <i>et al., </i>(1998)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2. Proses Pembuatan Minyak Biji Jarak</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Minyak jarak dapat diperoleh dari biji jarak yang sudah tua dan diproses dengan cara pengepresan. Pada penelitian ini biji jarak yang digunakan adalah biji jarak pagar dari buah yang sudah cukup tua, yang ditandai dengan kulit buah yang sudah menguning. Buah yang masih berkulit ini kemudian dijemur selama 3 hari hingga kering dan kulitnya menjadi pecah dengan sendirinya. Untuk memisahkan bagian biji dengan kulit buah dilakukan dengan menggunakan alat pemisah biji. Dengan alat ini, persentase biji utuh yang diperoleh sekitar 48% dan biji pecah 3%. Biji yang sudah dipisahkan dari cangkangnya kemudian diberi pemanasan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">pendahuluan, yaitu berupa pemanasan dengan uap pada suhu 170</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">o</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">C selama 30 menit, pemanasan dengan oven pada suhu 105</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">o </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">C selama 30 menit serta pemanasan dengan penggongsengan biji sehingga biji cukup panas untuk dilakukan pengepresan. Pemanasan merupakan salah satu tahap dalam proses pengolahan minyak, yang bertujuan untuk menyatukan dan mengumpulkan butir-butir minyak sehingga memungkinkan minyak dapat mengalir keluar dari daging biji dengan mudah serta dapat mengurangi afinitas minyak pada permukaan biji sehingga pekerjaan pemerasan menjadi lebih efisien (Ketaren, 1986). Selain itu, pemanasan juga dimaksudkan untuk menonaktifkan enzim-enzim, sterilisasi pendahuluan, menguapkan air hingga kadar air tertentu, meningkatkan keenceran minyak, menggumpalkan beberapa protein sehingga memudahkan pemisahan lebih lanjut dan mengendapkan beberapa pospatida yang tidak dikehendaki (Makfoeld, 1982). Pengepresan biji jarak dalam penelitian ini dengan menggunakan alat pengepres hidraulik. Tujuan pengepresan adalah untuk mengeluarkan minyak yang ada di dalam daging biji. Dari hasil pengempaan ini dihasilkan minyak jarak sekitar 28-40% dan bungkil yang masih mengandung minyak dengan kadar 10-20 % tergantung metode pemanasan pendahuluan yang dilakukan, lama dan cara pengempaan. Pada pengempaan hidraulik, daging biji yang telah dipanaskan dimasukkan ke dalam kain saring, kemudian dikempa pada tekanan 110 kg/cm</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">selama 15 menit sampai semua minyak keluar dan ditampung.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3. Pengaruh Metode Pemanasan Biji Jarak Terhadap Rendemen Minyak</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam proses ekstraksi minyak, maka tingkat rendemen minyak yang dihasilkan akan menentukan efisiensi dari proses ekstraksi. Dalam penelitian ini, sebelum esktraksi minyak jarak dengan pengempa hidraulik, maka dilakukan pemanasan pendahuluan yang bertujuan untuk mengeluarkan minyak dari sel-sel dan jaringan sehingga proses ekstraksi menjadi lebih sempurna. Metode pemanasan biji jarak sebelum diektraksi ternyata dapat mempengaruhi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">rendemen minyak yang dihasilkan seperti terlihat pada Tabel 7 dan data hasil pengamatandisajikan pada Lampiran 1. Pada penelitian ini digunakan 3 (tiga) perlakuan pemanasan,yaitu cara blansir menggunakan uap panas selama 30 menit pada suhu 170</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">o</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">C (P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">),pemanasan dengan menggunakan oven pada suhu 105</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">o</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">C (P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">) dan pemanasan dengan carapenggongsengan (P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">).Berdasarkan Tabel 7 dan Gambar 1 , maka rendemen minyak yang tertinggidiperoleh pada perlakuan pemanasan dengan cara penggongsengan. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hal ini disebabkankarena dengan penggongsengan kadar air dipermukaan biji jarak menjadi rendah, dan suhu permukaan biji jarak menjadi lebih tinggi dibanding pemanasan dengan oven.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemanasan dengan uap menggunakan suhu yang paling tinggi yaitu 170</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">o</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">C, tetapi pada penelitian ini sumber uap yang digunakan adalah uap dari air panas, sehingga justru dapat meningkatkan kadar air dari biji jarak, hal ini akan menyulitkan proses pengeluaran minyak dari biji. Semakin tinggi suhu pemanasan, maka semakin mudah minyak keluar dari bahan karena pemanasan dapat mengakibatkan minyak menjadi encer.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tabel 7. Pengaruh metode pemanasan biji jarak terhadap rendemen minyak</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Metode Pemanasan <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Rendemen Minyak</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Blansir uap panas (P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">) <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>22.23a</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemanasan dengan Oven (P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">)<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span> 24.51b</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Penggongsengan (P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">) <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>27.95c</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Keterangan : Angka yang diikuti dengan huruf yang sama tidak berbeda nyata menurut uji wilayah berganda Duncan pada taraf 5%.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Rendemen minyak jarak yang dihasilkan dalam penelitian ini masih cukup rendah yaitu berkisar antara 22-27%, sedangkan kadar minyak yang terdapat dalam biji jarak yang digunakan adalah sebesar 46%. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa pada bungkil biji jarak masih terdapat minyak sebesar 19-24%. Rendahnya rendemen minyak jarak yang dihasilkan, disebabkan karena alat pengepres biji jarak yang digunakan masih sangat sederhana yaitu berupa <i>hydraulic press</i>. Untuk dapat mengeluarkan minyak dari biji jarak secara maksimum maka alat pengepres yang digunakan hendaknya berupa screw press ataupun alat pengepress yang menggunakan motor sebagai penggerak.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">4. Karakteristik Minyak Biji Jarak</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Karakteristik minyak biji jarak yang diamati dalam penelitian ini adalah bilangan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">iod, bilangan asam, berat jenis, <i>turbidity point </i>dan indeks bias. Minyak biji jarak yang diamati adalah minyak biji jarak hasil pengepresan dengan menggunakan alat pengepres hidraulik (<i>hydraulic press</i>), dan dengan menggunakan 3 (tiga) metode pemanasan pendahuluan. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemanasan dengan blansir uap suhu 170</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">o</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">C selama 30 menit, P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">= Pemanasan dengan oven suhu 105</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">o</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">C selama 30 menit, P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">= Pemanasan dengan Penggongsengan)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">a. Bilangan Iod</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bilangan iod didefenisikan sebagai jumlah garam iodin yang diserap oleh 100 g minyak. Nilai yang diperoleh menunjukkan derajat ketidak jenuhan minyak. Pada penelitian ini, metode penentuan bilangan iod dilakukan dengan metode Wijs. Prinsip dasar dari metode ini adalah gliserida tak jenuh mempunyai kemampuan mengabsorbsi sejumlah iod, khususnya apabila dibantu dengan suatu <i>carrier </i>seperti iodine klorida, membentuk suatu senyawa jenuh. Jumlah iod yang diabsorbsi menunjukkan ketidak jenuhan minyak. Ke dalam sejumlah sample minyak ditambahkan iod berlebih, dan kelebihan iod dititrasi dengan Na-tiosulfat sehingga iod yang diabsorbsi oleh minyak dapat diketahui jumlahnya (Apriyantono <i>et al., </i>1989).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Analisis sidik ragam untuk bilangan iod (Lampiran 2) dan nilai rataan bilangan iod (Tabel 8) menunjukkan bahwa metode pemanasan berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadap bilangan iod minyak jarak. Berdasarkan Tabel 8 dan Gambar 1, terlihat bahwa bilangan iod yang paling tinggi terdapat pada minyak jarak yang dihasilkan melalui pemanasan pendahuluan dengan cara pengovenan pada suhu 105</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">o</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">C. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa pemanasan dengan oven pada suhu 105</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">o</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">C, tidak menyebabkan putusnya ikatan rangkap yang terdapat pada rantai atom C dari asam lemak tidak jenuhnya. Pemutusan ikatanrangkap pada minyak dapat disebabkan oleh proses hidrogenasi atau terjadinya oksidasi pada minyak.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Proses hidrogenasi pada minyak bertujuan untuk menstabilkan minyak sehingga</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">masa simpannya lebih panjang. Proses oksidasi pada minyak terjadi karena aksi oksigen dari udara terhadap minyak. Dalam bahan yang mengandung minyak/lemak, konstituen yang paling mudah mengalami oksidasi adalah asam lemak tidak jenuh (Ketaren, 1986).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada proses pemanasan pendahuluan dengan penggongsengan, maka terjadinya reaksi oksidasi minyak yang terdapat pada biji jarak lebih mudah terjadi, karena penggongsengan dilakukan pada udara yang terbuka serta suhu yang relatif lebih tinggi. Semakin tinggi suhu pemanasan maka terjadinya oksidasi minyak akan semakin cepat. Selain itu oksidasi juga akan dipercepat oleh adanya radiasi misalnya oleh panas atau cahaya, adanya katalis atau bahan pengoksidasi seperti peroksida, perasid, ozon, asam nitrat dan beberapa senyawa organic nitro dan aldehid aromatik (Ketaren, 1986).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">b. Bilangan Asam</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bilangan asam adalah ukuran dari jumlah asam lemak bebas dan dihitung</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">berdasarkan berat molekul asam lemak atau campuran asam lemak. Metode pemanasan pendahuluan terhadap biji jarak, tidak memberikan pengaruh yang nyata terhadap bilangan asam dari minyak jarak yang dihasilkan. Tetapi nilai bilangan asam yang dihasilkan dalam penelitian ini masih cukup tinggi seperti terlihat pada Lampiran 3 dan Tingginya bilangan asam pada minyak hasil proses pemanasan dengan blansir (P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">) dan pemanasan dengan penggongsengan (P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">) menunjukkan minyak tersebut sudah mengalami kerusakan dimana trigliserida minyak sudah terdegradasi membentuk asam<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>lemak bebas. Jarak (P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">= Pemanasan dengan blansir uap suhu 170</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">o</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">C selama 30 menit, P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">= Pemanasan dengan oven suhu 105</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">o</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">C selama 30 menit, P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">= Pemanasan dengan Penggongsengan)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">c. Berat Jenis</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Berat jenis adalah perbandingan berat dari suatu volume contoh pada suhu 25</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">o</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">C dengan berat air pada volume dan suhu yang sama, dan dapat digunakan untuk minyak dalam bentuk cair. Pada penelitian ini berat jenis diukur dengan menggunakan alat piknometer, sedangkan data hasil pengukuran disajikan pada rendah daripada pemanasan dengan penggongsengan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">V KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">A. Kesimpulan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini dapat ditarik kesimpulan sebagai berikut :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1. Biji jarak mengandung kadar lemak yang cukup tinggi yaitu sekitar 47% sehingga biji jarak sangat potensial digunakan sebagai sumber minyak,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2. Minyak biji jarak mengandung ikatan rangkap sehingga minyak ini berbentuk cair pada suhu ruang dan mempunyai titik cair yang rendah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3. Proses pembuatan minyak jarak dapat dilakukan dengan metode yang sederhana, yaitu dengan pengepresan dengan alat <i>hydraulic press</i>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">4. Metode pemanasan pendahuluan pada biji jarak sebelum diekstraksi dapat mempengaruhi rendemen dan mutu minyak jarak yang dihasilkan. Pemanasan dengan menggunakan oven pada suhu 105</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">o</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">C selama 30 menit memberikan rendemen minyak sebesar 24.51% dengan mutu yang terbaik, yaitu bilangan iod 92.85 mg iod/g, bilangan asam 3.21 mg KOH/g, berat jenis 0.921, indeks bias 1.505 dan warna minyak bening. Rendemen minyak yang tertinggi diperoleh pada pemanasan dengan cara penggongsengan yaitu sebesar 27.95%, tetapi mutu minyak yang dihasilkan dengan cara ini rendah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">5. Minyak jarak sangat potensial dikembangkan sebagai bahan bakar alternative pengganti solar.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">B. Saran</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dari hasil penelitian yang diperoleh, maka disarankan :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1. Hendaknya dicara metode pengepresan lainnya, yang dapat memaksimalkan rendemen minyak, misalnya dengan cara screw press.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2. Perlu dicari alat pengepres dengan teknologi tepat guna sehingga dapat diterapkan pada petani atau skala rumah tangga.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3. Perlu penelitian lebih lanjut mengenai aplikasi minyak jarak sebagai bahan bakar alternatif, pada mesin-mesin yang menggunakan solar seperti mesin diesel atau kenderaan berbahan bakar solar lainnya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">American Standard Technical Material – ASTM PS 121-99. 2000. Provisional</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">specification for biodiesel fuel (B100) blend stock for distillate fuels. American</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Society for Testing and Materials. United States.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">AOAC. 1985. Official Method of Analysis of the Association of Official Analylitical</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Chemists, Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, D.C.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apriyantono, A., D.Fardiaz, N.L.Puspitasari, Sedarnawati, S.Budiyanto, 1989. Petunjuk</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Laboratorium Analisis Pangan. IPB Press.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Gubitz, G.M., M.Mittelbach, M.Trabi. 1999. Exploitation of the tropical seed plant</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jatropha curcas </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">L., Bioresource Technology (67).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ketaren, S. 1986. Pengantar teknologi minyak dan lemak angan. UI Press, Jakarta.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Makfoeld, D. 1982. Deskripsi Pengolahan Hasil Nabati. Agritech, Yogyakarta.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Shreve, R.N. 1956. Chemical engineering series, The chemical process industries. 2</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">nd</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">eds. New York, Toronto, London.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Suara Pembaruan, 2005. Dikembangkan BBM Alternatif dari Minyak Jarak. Rabu, 18</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Mei 2005, Hal. 6 Kolom 1-2.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Trubus, 2005. Bahan Bakar Kenderaan Masa Depan. Juni 2005.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Departemen Teknologi Pertanian</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Propinsi Sumatera Utara Fakultas Pertanian USU Medan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Proses Pembuatan Minyak Jarak Sebagai Bahan Bakar Alternatif </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">43</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Lampiran 1. Data Pengamatan Rendemen Minyak Jarak (%)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Perlakuan Ulangan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1 2</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Total Rataan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">22.01 22.45 44.46 22.23</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">24.45 24.57 49.02 24.51</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">27.96 27.94 55.90 27.95</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Total 74.42 74.96 149.38</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Rataan 24.81 24.99</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Keterangan : P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">= pemanasan dengan blansir uap air suhu 170</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">o</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">C selama 30 menit, P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">=</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">pemanasan dengan oven suhu 105</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">o</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">C selama 30 menit, P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">= pemanasan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">dengan penggingsengan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hasil Analisis Sidik Ragam Rendemen Minyak Jarak</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sumber</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Keragaman</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Derajat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">bebas</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jumlah</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kuadrat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kuadrat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tengah</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">F Hitung F.05 tabel F.01</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">tabel</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Perlakuan 2 33.1669 16.5933 477.45** 9.55 30.82</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Galat 3 0.1042 0.0347</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Total 5 33.2711</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Departemen Teknologi Pertanian</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Propinsi Sumatera Utara Fakultas Pertanian USU Medan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Proses Pembuatan Minyak Jarak Sebagai Bahan Bakar Alternatif </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">44</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Lampiran 2. Data Pengamatan Bilangan Iod Minyak Jarak (mg iod/g)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Perlakuan Ulangan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1 2</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Total Rataan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">92.5 93.2 185.7 90.90</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">88.2 88.3 176.5 88.25</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">90.5 91.3 181.8 92.85</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Total 271.2 272.8 544.0</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Rataan 90.4 90.93</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Keterangan : P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">= pemanasan dengan blansir uap air suhu 170</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">o</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">C selama 30 menit, P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">=</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">pemanasan dengan oven suhu 105</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">o</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">C selama 30 menit, P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">= pemanasan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">dengan penggingsengan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hasil Analisis Sidik Ragam Bilangan Iod Minyak Jarak</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sumber</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Keragaman</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Derajat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">bebas</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jumlah</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kuadrat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kuadrat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tengah</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">F Hitung F.05 tabel F.01</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">tabel</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Perlakuan 2 21.32 10.66 93.58** 9.55 30.82</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Galat 3 0.57 0.11</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Total 5 21.89</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Departemen Teknologi Pertanian</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Propinsi Sumatera Utara Fakultas Pertanian USU Medan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Proses Pembuatan Minyak Jarak Sebagai Bahan Bakar Alternatif </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">45</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Lampiran 3. Data Pengamatan Bilangan Asam Minyak Jarak (mg KOH/g)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Perlakuan Ulangan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1 2</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Total Rataan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">4.80 4.78 9.58 4.79</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3.80 3.78 7.58 3.79</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">5.33 5.35 10.08 5.34</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Total 13.93 13.91 27.24</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Rataan 4.64 4.64</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Keterangan : P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">= pemanasan dengan blansir uap air suhu 170</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">o</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">C selama 30 menit, P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">=</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">pemanasan dengan oven suhu 105</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">o</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">C selama 30 menit, P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">= pemanasan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">dengan penggingsengan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hasil Analisis Sidik Ragam Bilangan Asam Minyak Jarak</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sumber</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Keragaman</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Derajat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">bebas</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jumlah</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kuadrat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kuadrat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tengah</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">F Hitung F.05 tabel F.01</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">tabel</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Perlakuan 2 1.75 0.875 0.421 tn 9.55 30.82</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Galat 3 6.23 2.076</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Total 5 7.98</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Departemen Teknologi Pertanian</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Propinsi Sumatera Utara Fakultas Pertanian USU Medan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Proses Pembuatan Minyak Jarak Sebagai Bahan Bakar Alternatif </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">46</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Lampiran 4. Data Pengamatan Berat Jenis Minyak Jarak</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Perlakuan Ulangan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1 2</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Total Rataan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">0.957 0.951 1.908 0.954</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">0.923 0.918 1.841 0.921</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">0.965 0.958 1.923 0.962</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Total 2.845 2.827 5.672</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Rataan 0.948 0.942</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Keterangan : P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">= pemanasan dengan blansir uap air suhu 170</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">o</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">C selama 30 menit, P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">=</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">pemanasan dengan oven suhu 105</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">o</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">C selama 30 menit, P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">= pemanasan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">dengan penggingsengan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hasil Analisis Sidik Ragam Berat Jenis Minyak Jarak</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sumber</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Keragaman</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Derajat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">bebas</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jumlah</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kuadrat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kuadrat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tengah</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">F Hitung F.05 tabel F.01</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">tabel</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Perlakuan 2 0.002 0.00095 51.99** 9.55 30.82</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Galat 3 0.000055 0.000018</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Total 5 0.002055</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Departemen Teknologi Pertanian</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Propinsi Sumatera Utara Fakultas Pertanian USU Medan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Proses Pembuatan Minyak Jarak Sebagai Bahan Bakar Alternatif </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">47</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Lampiran 5. Data Pengamatan Indeks Bias Minyak Jarak</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Perlakuan Ulangan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1 2</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Total Rataan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.49 1.48 2.97 1.485</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.50 1.51 3.01 1.505</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.48 1.47 2.95 1.475</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Total 4.47 4.46 8.93</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Rataan 1.49 1.49</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Keterangan : P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">= pemanasan dengan blansir uap air suhu 170</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">o</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">C selama 30 menit, P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">=</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">pemanasan dengan oven suhu 105</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">o</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">C selama 30 menit, P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">= pemanasan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">dengan penggingsengan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hasil Analisis Sidik Ragam Indeks Bias Minyak Jarak</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sumber</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Keragaman</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Derajat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">bebas</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jumlah</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kuadrat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kuadrat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tengah</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">F Hitung F.05 tabel F.01</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">tabel</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Perlakuan 2 0.0009 0.09 1.5 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">tn </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">9.55 30.82</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Galat 3 0.185 0.06</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Total 5 0.1859</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Departemen Teknologi Pertanian</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Propinsi Sumatera Utara Fakultas Pertanian USU Medan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Proses Pembuatan Minyak Jarak Sebagai Bahan Bakar Alternatif </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">48</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Lampiran 6. Gambar Tanaman dan Buah Jarak pagar (<i>Jatropha curcas </i>L.)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">a. Tanaman Jarak</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">b. Buah Jarak</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Departemen Teknologi Pertanian</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Propinsi Sumatera Utara Fakultas Pertanian USU Medan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Proses Pembuatan Minyak Jarak Sebagai Bahan Bakar Alternatif </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">49</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Lampiran 7. Gambar Biji Jarak Utuh dan Daging Biji Jarak</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">a. Biji Utuh</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">b. Daging Biji</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Departemen Teknologi Pertanian</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Propinsi Sumatera Utara Fakultas Pertanian USU Medan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Proses Pembuatan Minyak Jarak Sebagai Bahan Bakar Alternatif </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">50</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Lampiran 8. Alat <i>Hydraullic Press </i>dan Alat Penghancur Biji Jarak</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">a. Hydraullic Press</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">b. Alat Penghancur Biji Jarak</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Departemen Teknologi Pertanian</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Propinsi Sumatera Utara Fakultas Pertanian USU Medan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Proses Pembuatan Minyak Jarak Sebagai Bahan Bakar Alternatif </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">51</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Lampiran 9. Gambar Minyak Biji Jarak</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">a. Minyak Jarak</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">b. Bungkil/ <i>Cake</i></span></div>Nur Akmal Abdullahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12009812217579462064noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3021558861706622751.post-9033712751236470572011-02-25T06:11:00.000-08:002011-02-25T06:11:10.538-08:00tekstur tanah<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 300%;">I. PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 250%; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -28.35pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Latar Belakang</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tanah merupakan campuran bahan atau partikel-partikel bahan organik yang telah melapuk, udara dan air. Materi kasar seperti pasir biasanya ditutupi oleh material halus. Ukuran dari partikel-partikel tanah relatif tidak berubah. Artinya tanah bertekstur liat atau pasir. Karena itu tekstur tanah dikategorikan sebagai sifat dasar tanah.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Ukuran relatif partikel tanah dinyatakan dalam kelas tekstur, yang mencangkup pada kehalusan atau kekerasan tanah. Lebih khasnya adalah perbandingan relatif pasir, debu dan liat. Laju dan berapa laju berbagai reaksi dan kimia penting dalam pertumbuhan tanaman diatur oleh tekstur karena tekstur ini menentukan jumlah permukaan tempat terjadinya reaksi.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tekstur tanah juga diartikan sebagai susunan berat nisbi fraksi pasir, debu, dan liat misalnya tanah yang mengandung 40% berat debu dimasukkan kedalam kelas tanah bertekstur liat. Melalui pengkajian tanah bertahun-tahun dihampir seluruh dunia dibuatlah berbagai kelas tekstur tanah. Pembagian tekstur tanah yang banyak dikenal yaitu pembagian 12 kelas tekstur tanah menurut USDA. Batasan kelas-kelas tekstur digambarkan dalam diagram segitiga tekstur. Dari ke dua belas tekstur tersebut dapat dikelompokkan dalam tiga golongan umum kelas tekstur yaitu tanah berpasir, tanah berlempung dan tanah berliat.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tekstur tanah menunjukkan kasar halusnya tanah, dimana hal kasar halusnya suatu tanah didasarkan pada perbandingan beratnya butir-butir pasir, debu, dan liat. Maka tanah di kelompokkan ke dalam beberapa macam kelas tekstur. Macam kelas tekstur ini antara lain adalah pasir, pasir berlempung, lempung berpasir, lempung, lempung berdebu, debu, lempung liat berpasir, lempung berliat, liat berpasir, liat berdebu, liat.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-no-proof: no;">Tekstur tanah diklasifikasikan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menjadi sejumlah kelas. Ada berbagai sistem klasifikasi tekstur tanah yang saling berbeda dalam hal tanaman, klasifikasi tekstur fraksi tanah atau fraksi tanah dalam batasan kelas tekstur. Sistem yang lebih banyak diterapkan ialah yang disusun oleh USDA berdasarkan sistem klasifikasi fraksi dan sub fraksi tanahnya. Menurut sistem USDA ada 12 kelas tekstur yang diterapkan dengan diagram segitiga sama sisi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Plastisitas, keteguhan, kekeringan, penyediaan unsur hara, dan produktivitas tanah, erat kaitannya dengan kelas tekstur dalam suatu wilayah geografis, karena besar keragaman yang terdapat pada sifat minerologi dari fraksi-fraksi maka terdapat suatu generasi yang berlaku untuk semua tanah di permukaan bumi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Menentukan kelas tekstur suatu tanah harus teliti sekali dengan menggunakan segitiga tekstur maka kelas teksturnya dapat diketahui dengan sifat-sifat fisik tanah. Oleh karena itu, tekstur tanah sangat menentukan kelayakan dari suatu area atau lahan untuk dijadikan sebagai lahan pertanian.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="mso-no-proof: no;">Tekstur tanah penting<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>untuk diketahui, oleh karena komposisi ketiga fraksi butir-butir tanah tersebut akan menentukan sifat-sifat fisika, fisika kimia dan kimia tanah. Sebagai contoh, besarnya lapangan pertukaran dari ion-ion di dalam tanah amat ditentukan oleh tekstur tanah.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">Berdasarkan uraian di atas maka praktikum penetapan tekstur tanah perlu diadakan praktikum tentang tekstur tanah untuk mengetahui jenis tekstur pada lapisan I, II dan III pada tanah alfisol (tanah kebun) dan tanah inceptisol (tanah sawah).<span style="mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 250%; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -28.35pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Tujuan dan Kegunaan</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.5pt;"><span style="mso-no-proof: no;">Tujuan percobaan tekstur tanah adalah untuk mengklasifikasikan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>12 (dua belas) tekstur tanah dan </span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-no-proof: no;">untuk mengetahui kelas tekstur tanah lapisan I</span><span style="mso-no-proof: no;"> pada profil tanah kebun </span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-no-proof: no;">serta faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya.</span><span style="mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.5pt;"><span style="mso-no-proof: no;">Kegunaan dari percobaan tekstur tanah adalah sebagai bahan informasi berupa kandungan dari tekstur tanah yang ada di lapangan dengan yang ada di laboratorium serta mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi tekstur tanah.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 300%;">II. TINJAUAN PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: justify;">2.1 Tekstur Tanah (dan 12 Kelas Tekstur Tanah)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 16.5pt;">Tekstur tanah adalah perbandingan relative tiga golongan besar partikel tanah dalam suatu massa tanah yaitu partikel pasir, debu dan liat. Kasar halusnya tekstur tanah dalam suatu wilayah bergantung pada penggolongan tanah tersebut. Tekstur tanah dapat menentukan tata air dalam tanah berupa kerapatan inflitrasi, penetrasi, dan kemampuan pengikatan/sementasi oleh air tanah. Apabila tekstur tanah halus maka tanah tersebut sangat sulit meluluskan air apabila tekstur tanah tersebut kasar akan mudah meluluskan air (Hakim dkk, 1986).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 16.5pt;">Tekstur tanah juga diartikan sebagai susunan berat nisbi fraksi pasir, debu, dan liat misalnya tanah yang mengandung 40% berat debu dimasukkan kedalam kelas tanah bertekstur liat. Melalui pengkajian tanah bertahun-tahun dihampir seluruh dunia dibuatlah berbagai kelas tekstur tanah. Pembagian tekstur tanah yang banyak dikenal yaitu pembagian 12 kelas tekstur tanah menurut USDA. Batasan kelas-kelas tekstur digambarkan dalam diagram segitiga tekstur. Dari ke dua belas tekstur tersebut dapat dikelompokkan dalam tiga golongan umum kelas tekstur yaitu tanah berpasir, tanah berlempung dan tanah berliat (Hardjowigeno, 2003).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 197%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 16.5pt;">Tekstur tanah dapat didefinisikan sebagi susunan relatif dari tiga kelas ukuran partikel anorganik tanah yaitu pasir (berukuran 2 mm—50µ), debu (berukuran 50µ--2µ), dan liat (berukuran kurang dari 2µ) (Soil Survey Staff 1998). Tekstur tanah adalah perimbangan nisbi berbagai kelompok ukuran zarah tunggal (fraksi/pisahan tanah) yang menyusun masa tanah. Pisahan-pisahan tanah yang digunakan untuk menentukan tekstur tanah adalah pasir, debu, dan liat (Purwowidodo, 1998).<span style="mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 16.5pt;">Tekstur tanah menunjukkan kasar halusnya tanah, dimana hal kasar halusnya suatu tanah didasarkan pada perbandingan beratnya butir-butir pasir, debu, dan liat. Maka tanah di kelompokkan ke dalam beberapa macam kelas tekstur. Macam kelas tekstur ini antara lain adalah pasir, pasir berlempung, lempung berpasir, lempung, lempung berdebu, debu, lempung liat berpasir, lempung berliat, liat berpasir, liat berdebu, liat (Rismunandar, 1984).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 16.5pt;">Menentukan kelas tekstur suatu tanah harus teliti sekali dengan menggunakan segitiga tekstur maka kelas teksturnya dapat diketahui dengan sifat-sifat fisik tanah. Oleh karena itu, tekstur tanah sangat menentukan kelayakan dari suatu area atau lahan untuk dijadikan sebagai lahan pertanian (Anonim, 2010).</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 250%; margin-left: 0in;">2.2 Karakteristik Tekstur Tanah Pasir, Debu, dan Liat</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 16.5pt;">Pasir adalah butir-butir terpisah yang berdiri sendiri dan terutama berperan sebagai kerangka tanah. Butir pasir berbentuk bulat atau tidak teratur. Butiran pasir memiliki permukaan yang sangat kecil dibandingkan dengan butiran debu dan liat pada berat yang sama, karena itu berperan kecil pada peristiwa kimia dan fisika tanah. Pori-pori antara butiran pasir berukuran besar, sehingga gerak udara dan air dalam fraksi pasir lancer. Lintas air melalui tanah berpasir (perkolasi) sangat cepat, tetapi kemampuan menyimpan air sangat rendah. Pasir tidak memiliki sifat plastis dan lekat (Pairunan dkk, 1997).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 16.5pt;"><span style="mso-no-proof: no;">Tanah pasir tersusun atas partikel yang</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"> </span><span style="mso-no-proof: no;">berukuran besar, serapan air dan udara</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"> </span><span style="mso-no-proof: no;">lebih mudah namun tidak efisien dalam</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"> </span><span style="mso-no-proof: no;">menahan kelembaban dan unsur hara</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"> </span><span style="mso-no-proof: no;">dalam tanah</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">. </span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Tanah-tanah yang bertekstur pasir, karena butiran-butirannya berukuran lebih besar, maka setiap satua berat (misalnya setiap gram) mempunyai luas permukaan yang lebih kecil sehingga sulit menyerap (menahan) air dan unsur hara (Anonim, 2010).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 16.5pt;"><span style="mso-no-proof: no;">Tanah debu merupakan jenis tanah yang</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"> </span><span style="mso-no-proof: no;">paling ideal karena tersusun dari material</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"> </span><span style="mso-no-proof: no;">partikel yang seimbang baik liat, pasir</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"> </span><span style="mso-no-proof: no;">maupun lempung. Tanah ini baik dalam</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"> </span><span style="mso-no-proof: no;">resapan unsur hara, mudah diolah serta lebih</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"> </span><span style="mso-no-proof: no;">subur (Anonim, 2010).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 16.5pt;">Luas permukaan debu jauh lebih besar dari luas permukaan pasir per gram. Tingkat pelapukan debu dan pembebasan unsur-unsur hara untuk diserap akar lebih besar daripada pasir. Partikel-partikel debu terasa licin seperti tepung (powder) dan kurang melekat. Tanah-tanah yang memiliki kemampuan besar dalam memegang air adalah fraksi liat sedangkan tanah-tanah yang mengandung debu yang tinggi dapat memegang air tersedia untuk tanaman. Fraksi liat pada kebanyakan tanah terdiri dari mineral –mineral yan berbeda-beda komposisi kimianya dan sifat-sifat lainnya dibandingkan fraksi pasir dan debu (Hakim dkk, 1986). </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 16.5pt;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Tanah-tanah bertekstur liat, lebih halus karena setiap satuan berat mempunyai luas permukaan yang lebih besar sehingga kemampuan menahan air dan menyediakan unsur hara tinggi. </span>Tanah bertekstur halus lebih aktif dalam reaksi kimia daripada tanah bertekstur kasar (Hardjowigeno, 2003).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 16.5pt;">Liat memiliki permukaan beribu-ribu kali lebih luas daripaa debu dan beratus-ratus kali lebih luas daripada pasir pada berat yang sama. Dengan permukaan yang sangat luas daripada pasir pada berat yang sama. Dengan permukaan yang sangat luas itu liat mampu menahan air dalam jumlah yang sangat besar, karena sebagian besar air dalam pori-pori berupa selaput air yang tertarik pada permukaan butiran liat. Butiran liat umumnya terbentuk lempung bersifat plastis dan lekat bila basah. Beberapa jenis liat dapat mengembang bila basah dan mengerut bila kering. Jumlah ruang pori diantara butiran liat jauh lebih besar daripad jumlah ruang pori di antara butiran pasir, tetapi pori-pori berukuran kecil sehingga gerak air dan udara dalam fraksi liat terhambat (Sutedjo dan Kartasapoetra, 2002).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: justify;">2.3 Pengaruh Tekstur Tanah Terhadap Produktivitas Tanaman</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 16.5pt;">Pengaruh struktur dan tekstur tanah terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman terjadi secara langsung. Struktur tanah yang remah (ringan) pada umumnya menghasilkan laju pertumbuhan tanaman pakan dan produksi persatuan waktu yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan struktur tanah yang padat. Jumlah dan panjang akar pada tanaman makanan ternak<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang tumbuh pada tanah remah umumnya lebih banyak dibandingkan dengan akar tanaman makanan ternak yang tumbuh pada tanah berstruktur berat. Hal ini disebabkan perkembangan akar pada tanah berstruktur ringan/remah lebih cepat per satuan waktu dibandingkan akar tanaman pada tanah kompak, sebagai akibat mudahnya intersepsi akar pada setiap pori-pori tanah yang memang tersedia banyak pada tanah remah. Selain itu akar memiliki kesempatan untuk bernafas secara maksimal pada tanah yang berpori, dibandiangkan pada tanah yang padat. Sebaliknya bagi tanaman makanan ternak yang tumbuh pada tanah yang bertekstur halus seperti tanah berlempung tinggi, sulit mengembangkan akarnya karena sulit bagi akar untuk menyebar akibat rendahnya pori-pori tanah. Akar tanaman akan mengalami kesulitan untuk menembus struktur tanah yang padat, sehingga perakaran tidak berkembang dengan baik (Anonim, 2010).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 16.5pt;">Tanaman yang tumbuh pada tanah yang mengandung pasir yang sangat tinggi (lebih dari 60%) akan mengalami pertumbuh yang lambat dan produksi yang rendah. Pada tanah seperti ini biasanya terjadi karena kandungan air yang optimal untuk pertumbuhan tanaman tidak terpenuhi dan terjadi pencucian unsur hara yang tinggi. Hal ini karena agregat tanah tidak mampu menahan air secara maksimal, akibatnya air terus mengalir menurut aliran gravitasi sambil membawa unsur-unsur hara (Hakim dkk, 1986).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 16.5pt;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 300%;">III. BAHAN DAN METODE<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-no-proof: no;">3.1 Waktu dan Tempat<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 16.5pt;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-no-proof: no;">Praktikum pengamatan tekstur tanah dilaksanakan pada hari rabu, tanggal 24 Maret 2010 pukul 11.30 WITA sampai selesai, di Laboratorium Fisika Tanah Jurusan Ilmu Tanah, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-no-proof: no;">3.2 Alat dan Bahan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 16.5pt;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-no-proof: no;">Alat yang digunakan dalam praktikum ini adalah hidrometer, timbangan, botol tekstur, mesin pengocok, silinder sedimentasi 1000 mL, saringan, corong, botol semprot, termometer, cawan petris.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 16.5pt;"><span style="mso-no-proof: no;">Bahan-bahan yang digunakan adalah sampel tanah perkebunan I yang telah dikering udarakan, aquadest, larutan calgon 0,05 %, kertas label, tissue roll.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%;"><span style="mso-no-proof: no;">3.3 Prosedur Kerja<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-no-proof: no;">Prosedur kerja pada praktikum ini adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: .25in list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-no-proof: no;">Menimbang 20 gr tanah kering udara, butir-butir tanah ini berukuran kurang dari 2mm.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: .25in list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-no-proof: no;">Memasukkan tanah ke dalam botol tekstur dan ditambahkan 10 mL larutan Calgon 0,05 % dan aquadest secukupnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: .25in list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-no-proof: no;">Mengocok tanah dengan mesin pengocok selama kurang lebih 10 menit.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: .25in list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-no-proof: no;">Menuangkan secara kualitatif semua isinya ke dalam silinder sedimentasi 1000 mL yang di atasnya dipasang saringan dengan diameter lubang 0,05 mm dan dibersihkan benar-benar dengan bantuan botol semprot.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: .25in list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-no-proof: no;">Mencukupkan larutan suspensi dalam tabung sedimentasi dengan aquadest hingga 1000 mL.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: .25in list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-no-proof: no;">Memindahkan Pasir yang ada didalam saringan dalam cawan dengan pertolongan botol semprot, kemudian memasukkan ke dalam oven dengan suhu 105<sup>o</sup>C selama 24 jam. Selanjutnya memasukkannya ke dalam desikator dan menimbang hingga berat pasir diketahui (dicatat sebagai c gram).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: .25in list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-no-proof: no;">Memasukkan pengocok kedalam silinder sedimentasi lalu diaduk naik turun selama 1 menit.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: .25in list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-no-proof: no;">Memasukkan hidrometer kedalam suspensi dengan sangat hati-hati agar suspensi tidak banyak terganggu.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: .25in list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-no-proof: no;">Setelah beberapa detik, membaca dan mencatat (H<sub>1</sub>) pada hidrometer beserta suhunya (t<sub>1</sub>), mengeluarkan dengan hati-hati hidrometer<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dari suspensi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: .25in list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-no-proof: no;">Setelah menjelang 8 jam, memasukkan hidrometer kembali untuk pembacaan H<sub>2</sub> dan t<sub>2</sub>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; tab-stops: .25in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line
id="_x0000_s1028" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251598336'
from="2in,25.85pt" to="2in,70.85pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 62px; left: 0px; margin-left: 191px; margin-top: 33px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251598336;"><img height="62" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1028" width="2" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1027"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;flip:x;z-index:251597312'
from="2in,25.85pt" to="153pt,25.85pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 191px; margin-top: 33px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 14px; z-index: 251597312;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1027" width="14" /></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-no-proof: no;">11. Menghitung berat debu dan liat dengan menggunakan rumus :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .25in 275.25pt; text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line
id="_x0000_s1031" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251601408'
from="291.75pt,.55pt" to="291.75pt,45.55pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 62px; left: 0px; margin-left: 388px; margin-top: 0px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251601408;"><img height="62" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1031" width="2" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1030"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251600384' from="282.75pt,.55pt"
to="291.75pt,.55pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 376px; margin-top: 0px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 14px; z-index: 251600384;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1030" width="14" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1026"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251596288' from="156.75pt,16.25pt"
to="282.75pt,16.25pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 208px; margin-top: 21px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 170px; z-index: 251596288;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1026" width="170" /></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-no-proof: no;">Berar debu dan liat :<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>H<sub>1</sub> + 0,3 (t<sub>1</sub> – 19,8)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,5………(a)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .25in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line
id="_x0000_s1032" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;flip:x;
z-index:251602432' from="282.75pt,20.25pt" to="291.75pt,20.25pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 376px; margin-top: 26px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 14px; z-index: 251602432;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1032" width="14" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1029"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251599360' from="2in,20.25pt"
to="153pt,20.25pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 191px; margin-top: 26px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 14px; z-index: 251599360;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1029" width="14" /></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="mso-no-proof: no;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1037"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251607552' from="291.75pt,0"
to="300.75pt,0"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251607552;"><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; left: 388px; position: absolute; top: -1px; width: 14px;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1037" width="14" /></span></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line
id="_x0000_s1038" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251608576'
from="301.35pt,0" to="301.35pt,54pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251608576;"><span style="height: 74px; left: 0px; left: 401px; position: absolute; top: -1px; width: 2px;"><img height="74" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1038" width="2" /></span></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line
id="_x0000_s1035" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251605504'
from="153pt,0" to="153pt,54pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251605504;"><span style="height: 74px; left: 0px; left: 203px; position: absolute; top: -1px; width: 2px;"><img height="74" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1035" width="2" /></span></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line
id="_x0000_s1034" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251604480'
from="153pt,0" to="162pt,0"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251604480;"><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; left: 203px; position: absolute; top: -1px; width: 14px;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1034" width="14" /></span></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line
id="_x0000_s1033" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251603456'
from="168pt,18pt" to="294pt,18pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 223px; margin-top: 23px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 170px; z-index: 251603456;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1033" width="170" /></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span style="mso-no-proof: no;">Berat debu dan liat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>H<sub>2</sub> + 0,3 (t<sub>2</sub>-19,8)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- 0,5……………(b)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span></span></b><span style="mso-no-proof: no;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1036"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251606528' from="153.75pt,3.4pt"
to="162.75pt,3.4pt"/><v:line id="_x0000_s1039" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251609600' from="292.5pt,3.4pt" to="301.5pt,3.4pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"> </span></div><table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="4" width="204"></td> <td width="14"></td> <td width="171"></td> <td width="14"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td height="2"></td> <td align="left" valign="top"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1036" width="14" /></td> <td></td> <td align="left" valign="top"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1039" width="14" /></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span><br />
<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-no-proof: no;">Berat debu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: berat (debu + liat)-berat liat………………….(a-b)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><ol start="12" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-no-proof: no;">Mengitung persentase pasir , debu dan liat dengan persamaan :<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 261.0pt; text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line
id="_x0000_s1040" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251610624'
from="162pt,16.8pt" to="261pt,16.8pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 215px; margin-top: 21px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 134px; z-index: 251610624;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1040" width="134" /></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-no-proof: no;">% pasir<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>c<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x 100 %<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-no-proof: no;">a + b <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 261.0pt; text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line
id="_x0000_s1041" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251611648'
from="162pt,20.1pt" to="261pt,20.1pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 215px; margin-top: 26px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 134px; z-index: 251611648;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1041" width="134" /></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-no-proof: no;">% Pasir<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>( a-b)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x 100 %<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-no-proof: no;">a + b <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 261.0pt; text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line
id="_x0000_s1042" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251612672'
from="163.5pt,25.2pt" to="262.5pt,25.2pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 217px; margin-top: 33px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 134px; z-index: 251612672;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1042" width="134" /></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-no-proof: no;">% Liat<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>b<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x 100 %<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-no-proof: no;">a + b <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .25in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .25in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-no-proof: no;">13. Memasukkan nilai yang didapat dalam segitiga tekstur<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .25in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:group
id="_x0000_s1043" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:44pt;margin-top:8pt;width:252pt;height:182.9pt;z-index:251613696'
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to="6258,6303"/> <v:group id="_x0000_s1045" style='position:absolute;left:3918;top:2658;
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width:5040;height:3658' coordorigin="3918,2658" coordsize="5040,3658"> <v:line id="_x0000_s1048" style='position:absolute' from="5955,5023" to="6675,5023"/> <v:line id="_x0000_s1049" style='position:absolute' from="5283,4303" to="6003,5023"/> <v:group id="_x0000_s1050" style='position:absolute;left:3918;top:2658;
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to="8478,5776"/> <v:line id="_x0000_s1054" style='position:absolute;flip:x' from="7398,5776"
to="7758,6316"/> <v:line id="_x0000_s1055" style='position:absolute;flip:x' from="6588,5023"
to="8028,5023"/> <v:line id="_x0000_s1056" style='position:absolute;flip:x' from="6090,5043"
to="7035,6303"/> <v:line id="_x0000_s1057" style='position:absolute' from="5775,5776" to="6495,5776"/> <v:line id="_x0000_s1058" style='position:absolute' from="4218,5913" to="4638,6303"/> <v:line id="_x0000_s1059" style='position:absolute' from="4437,5553" to="5142,6303"/> <v:line id="_x0000_s1060" style='position:absolute;flip:x' from="5415,5023"
to="5955,5383"/> <v:line id="_x0000_s1061" style='position:absolute' from="5415,5401" to="5775,5761"/> <v:line id="_x0000_s1062" style='position:absolute' from="4875,4815" to="5775,4815"/> <v:line id="_x0000_s1063" style='position:absolute' from="5253,4258" to="7413,4258"/> <v:line id="_x0000_s1064" style='position:absolute;flip:x' from="6360,3326"
to="6720,4226"/> </v:group><v:line id="_x0000_s1065" style='position:absolute' from="6315,4258"
to="7035,4978"/> </v:group></v:group></v:group><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"> </span></div><table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="10" width="58"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td></td> <td><img height="246" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1043 _x0000_s1044 _x0000_s1045 _x0000_s1046 _x0000_s1047 _x0000_s1048 _x0000_s1049 _x0000_s1050 _x0000_s1051 _x0000_s1052 _x0000_s1053 _x0000_s1054 _x0000_s1055 _x0000_s1056 _x0000_s1057 _x0000_s1058 _x0000_s1059 _x0000_s1060 _x0000_s1061 _x0000_s1062 _x0000_s1063 _x0000_s1064 _x0000_s1065" width="338" /></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .25in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>12<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span>11<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>10<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>8<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>9<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>7<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>5<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 58.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span>6<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span>Gambar 1. Segitiga tekstur (USDA)<span style="mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-no-proof: no;">Keterangan :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 27.0pt list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-no-proof: no;">= pasir<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>7<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= lempung liat berpasir<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 27.0pt list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-no-proof: no;">= pasir berlempung<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>8<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= lempung berliat<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 27.0pt list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-no-proof: no;">= lempung berpasir<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>9<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= lempung liat berdebu<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 27.0pt list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-no-proof: no;">= lempung<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>10<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= liat berpasir<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 27.0pt list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-no-proof: no;">= lempung berdebu<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>11<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= liat berdebu<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 27.0pt list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-no-proof: no;">= debu<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>12<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= liat<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%;">IV. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; tab-stops: .25in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: no;">4.1 Hasil <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-no-proof: no;">Berdasarkan analisis dan perhitungan yang dilakukan maka diperoleh hasil sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-no-proof: no;">Tabel. 1 Hasil Analisa ukuran tekstur tanah untuk profil tanah I<o:p></o:p></span></div><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><!--[if !supportMisalignedRows]--> </span><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 5.4pt; width: 517px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 31.6pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td nowrap="" rowspan="2" style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 31.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 82.5pt;" width="110"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-no-proof: no;">Profil Dalam<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" rowspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 31.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.0pt;" width="88"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-no-proof: no;">% Pasir<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" rowspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 31.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.0pt;" width="73"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-no-proof: no;">% Debu<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" rowspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 31.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.0pt;" width="73"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-no-proof: no;">% Liat<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" rowspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 31.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 129.55pt;" width="173"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-no-proof: no;">Jenis Partikel Tanah<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <!--[if !supportMisalignedRows]--> <td height="42" style="border: none; height: 31.6pt;" width="0"></td> <!--[endif]--> </tr>
<tr style="height: 18.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td height="25" style="border: none; height: 18.95pt;" width="0"></td> <!--[endif]--> </tr>
<tr style="height: .25in; mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 82.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="110"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-no-proof: no;">Lapisan I<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="88"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-no-proof: no;">19,12 %<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="73"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-no-proof: no;">36,33 %<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="73"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-no-proof: no;">44,55%<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 129.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="173"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-no-proof: no;">Lempung berliat<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <!--[if !supportMisalignedRows]--> <td height="24" style="border: none; height: .25in;" width="0"></td> <!--[endif]--> </tr>
<tr style="height: .25in; mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 82.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="110"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-no-proof: no;">Lapisan II<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="88"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-no-proof: no;">22,96 %<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="73"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-no-proof: no;">17,61 %<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="73"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-no-proof: no;">59,42%<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 129.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="173"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-no-proof: no;">Liat <o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <!--[if !supportMisalignedRows]--> <td height="24" style="border: none; height: .25in;" width="0"></td> <!--[endif]--> </tr>
<tr style="height: .25in; mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 82.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="110"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-no-proof: no;">Lapisan III<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="88"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-no-proof: no;">38,07 %<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="73"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-no-proof: no;">3,17 %<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="73"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-no-proof: no;">58,76 %<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 129.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="173"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-no-proof: no;">Liat <o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <!--[if !supportMisalignedRows]--> <td height="24" style="border: none; height: .25in;" width="0"></td> <!--[endif]--> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Sumber : Data primer yang telah diolah, 2010<o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-no-proof: no;">4.2 Pembahasan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 185%; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Berdasarkan hasil analisis perhitungan diatas, lapisan I profil tanah I menunjukkan tekstur tanah lempung berliat. Hal ini disebabkan Lapisan lempung berliat mempunyai persentase pasir 19,12 % lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan tekstur debu 36,33% dan liat 44,55%. </span>Pada lapisan I merupakan tekstur yang agak halus dimana dapat membentuk gulungan jika dipirit <span style="mso-no-proof: no;">sehingga tekstur dari tanah tersebut adalah tekstur sedang tetapi agak halus. </span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Hal ini sesuai dengan yang dikemukakan oleh Hardjowigeno (2003) bahwa tekstur lempung berliat terasa agak licin, agak melekat, dan membentuk bola agak teguh, membentuk gulungan jika dipirit, gulungan mudah hancur.</span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-no-proof: no;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: no;">Lapisan II pada profil tanah I menunjukkan tekstur tanah liat. Dimana persentase liat 59,42 % lebih tinggi dibandingkan persentase fraksi debu 17,61 % dan fraksi pasir 22,96 % yang cukup kecil. Tingginya persentase tanah liat pada lapisan profil tanah I ini dikarenakan tanah ini sering digunakan sebagai lahan pertanian dan tanah ini sangat jarang mengalami pencucian yang berlebihan. Tanah liat juga sangat baik digunakan sebagai lahan pertanian. Hal ini karenakan kemampuannya menyimpan air dalam jumlah yang banyak serta kemampuannya mengikat unsur hara dan mampu menyimpan bahan organik yang dibutuhkan oleh tanaman . Selain itu, tanah liat memiliki daya lekat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang cukup tinggi antara partikelnya sehingga memudahkan dalam penggunaanya sebagai lahan pertanian. Hal ini sesuai dengan pendapat Pairunan dkk. 1997 bahwa tanah berliat bertekstur halus dan memiliki permukaan yang luas dan kemampuan mengikat unsur hara bagi tanaman karena terdapatnya muatan listrik pada permukaanya. Kehilangan hara tanaman karena pencucian pada liat sangat kecil.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Lapisan III juga memiliki kandungan liat, lebih tinggi dibandingkan pasir dan debu, hal ini merupakan pengaruh dari lapisan II yang memiliki pori-pori kecil sehingga air sulit menembus lapisan berikutnya jadi air tetap tersimpan pada lapisan atas, sehingga lapisan III tetap bertekstur liat. <span style="mso-no-proof: no;">Dimana persentase liat 58,76 % lebih tinggi dibandingkan persentase fraksi debu 3,17 % dan fraksi pasir 38,07 % yang cukup kecil</span>. Hal yang sama juga dikemukakan oleh Darmawijaya (1990), bahwa makin kecil pori-pori tanah, maka akan semakin sulit air dan udara untuk bersirkulasi (drainase dan aerasi buruk;air dan udara sedikit tersedia), tetapi air yang ada tidak mudah hilang dari tanah, karena sebagian besar air disimpan sebagai lapisan permukaan partikel tanah liat, maka jumlah tanah liat dalam tanah mempunyai pengaruh besar pada kapasitas air totalnya.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: no;">Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi tekstur tanah adalah kemampuan tanah menyimpan air, drainase, tata udara dan pengikatan unsure hara. Partikel kwarsa sangat resisten terhadap pelapukan dan menjadi komponen terbesar pasir dari beberapa bahan induk tanah. Pada umumnya, unsure hara yang lebih besar berisi partikel-partikel debu, area permukaan per gram lebih besar dan tingkat pelapukannya lebih cepat dari pasir yang menyebabkan tanah lebih berdebu lebih subur jika dibandingkan dengan tanah berdebu kasar, berdebu halus, berliat halus dan sangat halus (Hardjowigeno, 2003).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%;">5.1 Kesimpulan</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-no-proof: no;">Berdasarkan hasil yang diperoleh pada praktikum tekstur tanah ini, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-list: l1 level4 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-no-proof: no;">Pada profil tanah I, lapisan I didominasi oleh fraksi liat sehingga merupakan tanah bertekstur lempung berliat, dengan demikian dapat dilihat persentase pasir 19,12 %, debu 36,33 %, liat 44,55 % karena adanya horizon argilik atau horizon iluviasi. Pada lapisan II juga didominasi didominasi oleh fraksi liat karena adanya pengaruh eluviasi</span> sehingga mempunyai struktur tanah liat dengan persentase pasir 22,96%, debu 17,61%, dan liat 59,42% sedangkan lapisan III juga menunjukkan struktur tanah liat dengan persentase pasir 38,07 %, debu 3,17% dan liat 58,76%.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 16.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -16.45pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-no-proof: no;">Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kelas tekstur tanah adalah kemampuan tanah memegang dan menyimpan air perlapisan, serta adanya pengaruh porositas tanah yang mempengaruhi daya serap air untuk kelas tekstur.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%;">5.2 Saran</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 9.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Diharapkan alat-alat yang akan digunakan dalam praktikum dapat dijaga dengan baik agar dapat terhindar dari kerusakan yang dapat berakibat langsung pada pengamatan selanjutnya. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 300%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: no;">Anonim. 2009. Tekstur Tanah<span style="color: black;">. <a href="http://www.multiply.com/blog"><span style="color: black;">www.</span><span style="color: black; mso-no-proof: yes;">multiply.com/blog</span></a></span></span><span style="color: black;">. Diakses pada tanggal 26 Maret 2010. Makassar.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">Anonim. 2010.<i><span style="color: black;"> <a href="http://mofipomalingo.blogspot.com/2009/11/profil-tanah.html"><span style="color: black;">Profil Tanah</span></a>.</span></i><span style="color: black;"> </span><span style="mso-no-proof: no;">http:/</span><span style="color: black;"><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/"><span style="color: black;">WordPress.com</span></a>/blog</span>. <span style="mso-no-proof: no;">Diakses pada tanggal 15 Maret 2010. Makassar.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: no;">Hakim N, dkk. 1986. <i>Dasar-Dasar Ilmu Tanah. </i>Penerbit Universitas Lampung: Lampung.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-no-proof: no;">Hardjowigeno,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>S. 2003. <i>Klasifikasi Tanah dan Pedogenesis. </i>Penerbit Akademika Pressindo: Jakarta.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-no-proof: no;">Pairunan, dkk. 1997. <i>Dasar-Dasar Ilmu Tanah. </i>Perguruan Tinggi Negeri Indonesia Timur: Makassar.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-no-proof: no;">Poerwowidodo. 1991. <i>Proses Genesa dan Morfologi</i> . CV. Rajawali: Jakarta.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: no;">Rismunandar. 1984, <i>Tanah dan Seluk Beluk Bagi Pertanian</i>. Sinar Baru Algensindo: Jakarta.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: no;">Sutedjo, M., dan A.G. Kartasapoetra. 2002. <i>Pengantar Ilmu Tanah “Terbentuknya Tanah dan Tanah pertanian</i>. PT. Rineka Cipta: Jakarta. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 9.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b>LAMPIRAN 1 :</b> Perhitungan Kelas Tekstur Tanah pada profil tanah I </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 9.0pt list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Lapisan I, II dan III<o:p></o:p></span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.3pt;" width="87"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 9.0pt; text-align: center;">Lapisan</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.7pt;" width="94"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 9.0pt; text-align: center;">H1</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.7pt;" width="94"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 9.0pt; text-align: center;">t1</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.75pt;" width="94"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 9.0pt; text-align: center;">H2</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.75pt;" width="94"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 9.0pt; text-align: center;">t2</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.8pt;" width="88"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 9.0pt; text-align: center;">Berat pasir (c)</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.3pt;" width="87"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 9.0pt; text-align: center;">I</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.7pt;" width="94"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 9.0pt; text-align: center;">6</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.7pt;" width="94"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 9.0pt; text-align: center;">28<sup>o<o:p></o:p></sup></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.75pt;" width="94"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 9.0pt; text-align: center;">2,5</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.75pt;" width="94"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 9.0pt; text-align: center;">27<sup>o<o:p></o:p></sup></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.8pt;" width="88"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 9.0pt; text-align: center;">1</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.3pt;" width="87"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 9.0pt; text-align: center;">II</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.7pt;" width="94"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 9.0pt; text-align: center;">7</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.7pt;" width="94"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 9.0pt; text-align: center;">30<sup>o<o:p></o:p></sup></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.75pt;" width="94"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 9.0pt; text-align: center;">5</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.75pt;" width="94"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 9.0pt; text-align: center;">29<sup>o<o:p></o:p></sup></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.8pt;" width="88"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 9.0pt; text-align: center;">1,5</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.3pt;" width="87"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 9.0pt; text-align: center;">III</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.7pt;" width="94"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 9.0pt; text-align: center;">7</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.7pt;" width="94"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 9.0pt; text-align: center;">29<sup>o</sup></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.75pt;" width="94"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 9.0pt; text-align: center;">6,5</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.75pt;" width="94"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 9.0pt; text-align: center;">29<sup>o</sup></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.8pt;" width="88"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 9.0pt; text-align: center;">3</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: .25in; tab-stops: .25in; text-align: justify;">- Lapisan I</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Menghitung Berat Debu dan Liat</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Berat Debu dan Liat (a)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= <span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600"
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style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251616768' from="290.65pt,17.5pt"
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left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251620864' from="286pt,16.45pt" to="290.9pt,17.5pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"> </span></div><table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="21" width="261"></td> <td width="11"></td> <td width="108"></td> <td width="9"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td height="51"></td> <td align="left" valign="top"><img height="51" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1067 _x0000_s1069" width="11" /></td> <td></td> <td align="left" valign="top"><img height="51" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image013.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1068 _x0000_s1072" width="9" /></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><!--[endif]--><o:p> </o:p><br />
<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .25in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line
id="_x0000_s1066" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251614720'
from="203.8pt,14.5pt" to="283.6pt,14.5pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 271px; margin-top: 18px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 108px; z-index: 251614720;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1066" width="108" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6 + 0,3(28 – 19,8)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- 0,5</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .25in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line
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from="286pt,14.5pt" to="289.25pt,14.5pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 380px; margin-top: 18px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 7px; z-index: 251619840;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image015.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1071" width="7" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1070"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251618816' from="198pt,14.5pt"
to="203.5pt,14.5pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 263px; margin-top: 18px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 9px; z-index: 251618816;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1070" width="9" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 176.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1073" style='position:absolute;
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from="192.5pt,13.5pt" to="198pt,13.5pt"/><v:line id="_x0000_s1077" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251625984' from="247.5pt,13.5pt" to="247.5pt,49.5pt"/><v:line
id="_x0000_s1079" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251628032'
from="242pt,13.5pt" to="247.5pt,13.5pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"> </span></div><table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="17" width="256"></td> <td width="9"></td> <td width="57"></td> <td width="9"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td height="50"></td> <td align="left" valign="top"><img height="50" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image017.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1073 _x0000_s1074" width="9" /></td> <td></td> <td align="left" valign="top"><img height="50" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image018.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1077 _x0000_s1079" width="9" /></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><!--[endif]--><o:p> </o:p><br />
<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 176.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1076" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251624960' from="198pt,12.55pt" to="242pt,12.55pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 263px; margin-top: 16px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 61px; z-index: 251624960;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image019.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1076" width="61" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6 + 2,46</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 176.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -176.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line
id="_x0000_s1078" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251627008'
from="242pt,11.55pt" to="247.5pt,11.55pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 322px; margin-top: 14px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 9px; z-index: 251627008;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1078" width="9" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1075"
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style='width:105pt;height:33.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\ADMINI~1\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image021.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img border="0" height="45" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image022.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1026" width="140" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1026"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1360177039"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]-->- 0,5</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 176.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1085" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251634176' from="286pt,20pt" to="291.5pt,20pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 380px; margin-top: 26px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 10px; z-index: 251634176;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image023.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1085" width="10" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1083"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251632128' from="291.5pt,20pt"
to="291.5pt,56pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 50px; left: 0px; margin-left: 388px; margin-top: 26px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251632128;"><img height="50" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image024.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1083" width="2" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1081"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251630080' from="192.5pt,20pt"
to="198pt,20pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 256px; margin-top: 26px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 9px; z-index: 251630080;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image025.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1081" width="9" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1080"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251629056' from="192.5pt,20pt"
to="192.5pt,56pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 50px; left: 0px; margin-left: 256px; margin-top: 26px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251629056;"><img height="50" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image024.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1080" width="2" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 176.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1086" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251635200' from="198pt,13pt" to="286pt,13pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 263px; margin-top: 16px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 119px; z-index: 251635200;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1086" width="119" /></span><!--[endif]-->=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2,5 + 0,3(27-19,8) <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1092"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251641344' from="253pt,15.05pt"
to="258.5pt,15.05pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 336px; margin-top: 19px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 10px; z-index: 251641344;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image027.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1092" width="10" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1091"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251640320' from="258.5pt,15.05pt"
to="258.5pt,51.05pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 50px; left: 0px; margin-left: 344px; margin-top: 19px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251640320;"><img height="50" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image028.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1091" width="2" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1088"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251637248' from="192.5pt,15.05pt"
to="198pt,15.05pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 256px; margin-top: 19px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 9px; z-index: 251637248;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image029.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1088" width="9" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1087"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251636224' from="192.5pt,15.05pt"
to="192.5pt,51.05pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 50px; left: 0px; margin-left: 256px; margin-top: 19px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251636224;"><img height="50" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image028.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1087" width="2" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1084"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251633152' from="286pt,6.05pt"
to="291.5pt,6.05pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 380px; margin-top: 7px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 10px; z-index: 251633152;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image027.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1084" width="10" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1082"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251631104' from="192.5pt,6.05pt"
to="198pt,6.05pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 256px; margin-top: 7px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 9px; z-index: 251631104;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image029.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1082" width="9" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 176.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line
id="_x0000_s1090" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251639296'
from="203.5pt,16.75pt" to="247.5pt,16.75pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 270px; margin-top: 21px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 61px; z-index: 251639296;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image030.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1090" width="61" /></span><!--[endif]-->=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2,5 + 2,16</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line
id="_x0000_s1093" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251642368'
from="253pt,.45pt" to="258.5pt,.45pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 336px; margin-top: 0px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 10px; z-index: 251642368;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image023.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1093" width="10" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1089"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251638272' from="192.5pt,.45pt"
to="198pt,.45pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 256px; margin-top: 0px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 9px; z-index: 251638272;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image025.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1089" width="9" /></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 176.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-no-proof: no;">= 2,33 gr<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Berat Debu<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>= Berat (Debu + Liat) – berat Liat</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .25in .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span>= 4,23 gr – 2,33 gr</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; tab-stops: .25in .5in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1094"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251643392' from="215.8pt,218.55pt"
to="295.6pt,218.55pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 287px; margin-top: 290px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 108px; z-index: 251643392;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1094" width="108" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span>= 1,9 gr</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">Menghitung Persentase Pasir, Debu, dan Liat</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 27.0pt .5in 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>% Pasir<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>= <span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1027" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:27pt;height:33.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\ADMINI~1\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image031.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img border="0" height="45" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image032.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1027" width="36" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1027"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1360177040"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]-->x 100 %</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line
id="_x0000_s1095" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251644416'
from="193.8pt,17.4pt" to="228pt,17.4pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 257px; margin-top: 22px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 48px; z-index: 251644416;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image033.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1095" width="48" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x 100 %</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,23 + 1</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line
id="_x0000_s1096" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251645440'
from="193.8pt,15pt" to="228pt,15pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 257px; margin-top: 19px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 48px; z-index: 251645440;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image034.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1096" width="48" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span>= <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x 100 %</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,23</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span>= 19,12 %<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .25in .5in 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>% Debu<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>= <span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1028"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:36pt;height:33.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\ADMINI~1\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image035.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img border="0" height="45" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image036.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1028" width="48" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1028"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1360177041"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x 100 %</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .25in .5in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line
id="_x0000_s1097" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251646464'
from="200.8pt,16pt" to="253.25pt,16pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 267px; margin-top: 20px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 72px; z-index: 251646464;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image037.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1097" width="72" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(4,23 – 2,33)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x 100 %</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .25in .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,23 + 1</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .25in .5in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line
id="_x0000_s1098" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251647488'
from="195.8pt,15.6pt" to="230pt,15.6pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 260px; margin-top: 20px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 48px; z-index: 251647488;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image034.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1098" width="48" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1,9<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x 100 %</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .25in .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,23</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: .25in .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span>= 36,33%</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .25in 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>% Liat<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>=<span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1029"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:27pt;height:33.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\ADMINI~1\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image038.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img border="0" height="45" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image039.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1029" width="36" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1029"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1360177042"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x 100 %</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .25in .5in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line
id="_x0000_s1099" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251648512'
from="193.8pt,14.6pt" to="228pt,14.6pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 257px; margin-top: 18px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 48px; z-index: 251648512;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image033.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1099" width="48" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span>= <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2,33<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x 100 %</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .25in .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,23 + 1 </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .25in .5in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line
id="_x0000_s1100" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251649536'
from="188.8pt,15.2pt" to="223pt,15.2pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 251px; margin-top: 19px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 47px; z-index: 251649536;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image040.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1100" width="47" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span>= <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2,33<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x 100 %</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .25in .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,23</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; tab-stops: .25in .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span>= 44,55 %</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: .25in; text-align: justify;">- Lapisan II</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Menghitung Berat Debu dan Liat</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Berat Debu dan Liat (a)<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>= <span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1030" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:102pt;height:33.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\ADMINI~1\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image010.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img border="0" height="45" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1030" width="136" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1030"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1360177043"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]-->- 0,5</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line
id="_x0000_s1102" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251651584'
from="196.65pt,17.5pt" to="196.65pt,53.5pt"/><v:line id="_x0000_s1104"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;flip:y;z-index:251653632'
from="196.65pt,16.45pt" to="203.5pt,16.5pt"/><v:line id="_x0000_s1103"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251652608' from="290.65pt,17.5pt"
to="290.65pt,53.5pt"/><v:line id="_x0000_s1107" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251656704' from="286pt,16.45pt" to="290.9pt,17.5pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"> </span></div><table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="21" width="261"></td> <td width="11"></td> <td width="108"></td> <td width="9"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td height="51"></td> <td align="left" valign="top"><img height="51" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1102 _x0000_s1104" width="11" /></td> <td></td> <td align="left" valign="top"><img height="51" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image013.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1103 _x0000_s1107" width="9" /></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><!--[endif]--><o:p> </o:p><br />
<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .25in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line
id="_x0000_s1101" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251650560'
from="203.8pt,14.5pt" to="283.6pt,14.5pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 271px; margin-top: 18px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 108px; z-index: 251650560;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1101" width="108" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7 + 0,3(30 – 19,8)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- 0,5</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .25in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line
id="_x0000_s1106" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251655680'
from="286pt,14.5pt" to="289.25pt,14.5pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 380px; margin-top: 18px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 7px; z-index: 251655680;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image015.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1106" width="7" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1105"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251654656' from="198pt,14.5pt"
to="203.5pt,14.5pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 263px; margin-top: 18px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 9px; z-index: 251654656;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1105" width="9" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 176.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1108" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251657728' from="192.5pt,13.5pt" to="192.5pt,49.5pt"/><v:line
id="_x0000_s1109" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251658752'
from="192.5pt,13.5pt" to="198pt,13.5pt"/><v:line id="_x0000_s1112" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251661824' from="247.5pt,13.5pt" to="247.5pt,49.5pt"/><v:line
id="_x0000_s1114" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251663872'
from="242pt,13.5pt" to="247.5pt,13.5pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"> </span></div><table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="17" width="256"></td> <td width="9"></td> <td width="57"></td> <td width="9"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td height="50"></td> <td align="left" valign="top"><img height="50" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image017.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1108 _x0000_s1109" width="9" /></td> <td></td> <td align="left" valign="top"><img height="50" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image018.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1112 _x0000_s1114" width="9" /></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><!--[endif]--><o:p> </o:p><br />
<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 176.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1111" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251660800' from="198pt,12.55pt" to="242pt,12.55pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 263px; margin-top: 16px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 61px; z-index: 251660800;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image019.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1111" width="61" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7 + 3,06</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 176.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -176.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line
id="_x0000_s1113" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251662848'
from="242pt,11.55pt" to="247.5pt,11.55pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 322px; margin-top: 14px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 9px; z-index: 251662848;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1113" width="9" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1110"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251659776' from="192.5pt,11.55pt"
to="198pt,11.55pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 256px; margin-top: 14px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 9px; z-index: 251659776;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1110" width="9" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>2</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 176.0pt;"><span style="mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 5,03 gr<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .25in; text-align: justify;">Berat Liat (b)<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1031" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:105pt;height:33.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\ADMINI~1\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image021.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img border="0" height="45" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image022.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1031" width="140" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1031"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1360177044"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]-->- 0,5</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 176.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1120" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251670016' from="286pt,20pt" to="291.5pt,20pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 380px; margin-top: 26px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 10px; z-index: 251670016;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image023.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1120" width="10" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1118"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251667968' from="291.5pt,20pt"
to="291.5pt,56pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 50px; left: 0px; margin-left: 388px; margin-top: 26px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251667968;"><img height="50" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image024.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1118" width="2" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1116"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251665920' from="192.5pt,20pt"
to="198pt,20pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 256px; margin-top: 26px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 9px; z-index: 251665920;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image025.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1116" width="9" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1115"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251664896' from="192.5pt,20pt"
to="192.5pt,56pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 50px; left: 0px; margin-left: 256px; margin-top: 26px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251664896;"><img height="50" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image024.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1115" width="2" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 176.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1121" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251671040' from="198pt,13pt" to="286pt,13pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 263px; margin-top: 16px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 119px; z-index: 251671040;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1121" width="119" /></span><!--[endif]-->=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5 + 0,3(29-19,8) <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1127"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251677184' from="253pt,15.05pt"
to="258.5pt,15.05pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 336px; margin-top: 19px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 10px; z-index: 251677184;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image027.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1127" width="10" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1126"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251676160' from="258.5pt,15.05pt"
to="258.5pt,51.05pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 50px; left: 0px; margin-left: 344px; margin-top: 19px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251676160;"><img height="50" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image028.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1126" width="2" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1123"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251673088' from="192.5pt,15.05pt"
to="198pt,15.05pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 256px; margin-top: 19px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 9px; z-index: 251673088;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image029.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1123" width="9" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1122"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251672064' from="192.5pt,15.05pt"
to="192.5pt,51.05pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 50px; left: 0px; margin-left: 256px; margin-top: 19px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251672064;"><img height="50" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image028.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1122" width="2" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1119"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251668992' from="286pt,6.05pt"
to="291.5pt,6.05pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 380px; margin-top: 7px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 10px; z-index: 251668992;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image027.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1119" width="10" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1117"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251666944' from="192.5pt,6.05pt"
to="198pt,6.05pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 256px; margin-top: 7px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 9px; z-index: 251666944;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image029.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1117" width="9" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 176.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line
id="_x0000_s1125" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251675136'
from="203.5pt,16.75pt" to="247.5pt,16.75pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 270px; margin-top: 21px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 61px; z-index: 251675136;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image030.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1125" width="61" /></span><!--[endif]-->=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5 + 2,76</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line
id="_x0000_s1128" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251678208'
from="253pt,.45pt" to="258.5pt,.45pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 336px; margin-top: 0px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 10px; z-index: 251678208;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image023.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1128" width="10" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1124"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251674112' from="192.5pt,.45pt"
to="198pt,.45pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 256px; margin-top: 0px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 9px; z-index: 251674112;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image025.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1124" width="9" /></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 176.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-no-proof: no;">= 3,88 gr<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Berat Debu<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>= Berat (Debu + Liat) – berat Liat</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .25in .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span>= 5,03 gr – 3,88 gr</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; tab-stops: .25in .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span>= 1,15 gr</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">Menghitung Persentase Pasir, Debu, dan Liat</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 27.0pt .5in 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>% Pasir<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>= <span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1032" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:27pt;height:33.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\ADMINI~1\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image031.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img border="0" height="45" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image032.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1032" width="36" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1032"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1360177045"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]-->x 100 %</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line
id="_x0000_s1129" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251679232'
from="193.8pt,17.4pt" to="228pt,17.4pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 257px; margin-top: 22px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 48px; z-index: 251679232;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image033.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1129" width="48" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1,5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x 100 %</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,03 + 1,5</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line
id="_x0000_s1130" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251680256'
from="193.8pt,15pt" to="228pt,15pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 257px; margin-top: 19px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 48px; z-index: 251680256;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image034.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1130" width="48" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1,5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x 100 %</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6,53</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span>= 22,97 %<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .25in .5in 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>% Debu<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>= <span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1033"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:36pt;height:33.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\ADMINI~1\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image035.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img border="0" height="45" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image036.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1033" width="48" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1033"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1360177046"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x 100 %</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .25in .5in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line
id="_x0000_s1131" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251681280'
from="200.8pt,16pt" to="253.25pt,16pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 267px; margin-top: 20px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 72px; z-index: 251681280;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image037.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1131" width="72" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(5,03 – 3,88)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x 100 %</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .25in .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,03 + 1,5</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .25in .5in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line
id="_x0000_s1132" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251682304'
from="195.8pt,15.6pt" to="230pt,15.6pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 260px; margin-top: 20px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 48px; z-index: 251682304;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image034.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1132" width="48" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1,15<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x 100 %</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .25in .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6,53</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: .25in .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span>= 17,61%</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .25in 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>% Liat<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>=<span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1034"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:27pt;height:33.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\ADMINI~1\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image038.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img border="0" height="45" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image039.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1034" width="36" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1034"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1360177047"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x 100 %</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .25in .5in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line
id="_x0000_s1133" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251683328'
from="193.8pt,14.6pt" to="228pt,14.6pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 257px; margin-top: 18px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 48px; z-index: 251683328;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image033.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1133" width="48" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span>= <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3,88<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x 100 %</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .25in .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,03 + 1,5 </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .25in .5in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line
id="_x0000_s1134" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251684352'
from="188.8pt,15.2pt" to="223pt,15.2pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 251px; margin-top: 19px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 47px; z-index: 251684352;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image040.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1134" width="47" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span>= <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3,88<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x 100 %</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .25in .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6,53</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; tab-stops: .25in .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span>= 59,42 %<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: .25in; text-align: justify;">- Lapisan III</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Menghitung Berat Debu dan Liat</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Berat Debu dan Liat (a)<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>= <span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1035" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:102pt;height:33.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\ADMINI~1\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image010.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img border="0" height="45" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1035" width="136" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1035"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1360177048"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]-->- 0,5</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line
id="_x0000_s1136" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251686400'
from="196.65pt,17.5pt" to="196.65pt,53.5pt"/><v:line id="_x0000_s1138"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;flip:y;z-index:251688448'
from="196.65pt,16.45pt" to="203.5pt,16.5pt"/><v:line id="_x0000_s1137"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251687424' from="290.65pt,17.5pt"
to="290.65pt,53.5pt"/><v:line id="_x0000_s1141" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251691520' from="286pt,16.45pt" to="290.9pt,17.5pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"> </span></div><table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="21" width="261"></td> <td width="11"></td> <td width="108"></td> <td width="9"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td height="51"></td> <td align="left" valign="top"><img height="51" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1136 _x0000_s1138" width="11" /></td> <td></td> <td align="left" valign="top"><img height="51" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image013.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1137 _x0000_s1141" width="9" /></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><!--[endif]--><o:p> </o:p><br />
<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .25in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line
id="_x0000_s1135" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251685376'
from="203.8pt,14.5pt" to="283.6pt,14.5pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 271px; margin-top: 18px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 108px; z-index: 251685376;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1135" width="108" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7 + 0,3(29 – 19,8)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- 0,5</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .25in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line
id="_x0000_s1140" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251690496'
from="286pt,14.5pt" to="289.25pt,14.5pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 380px; margin-top: 18px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 7px; z-index: 251690496;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image015.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1140" width="7" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1139"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251689472' from="198pt,14.5pt"
to="203.5pt,14.5pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 263px; margin-top: 18px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 9px; z-index: 251689472;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1139" width="9" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 176.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1142" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251692544' from="192.5pt,13.5pt" to="192.5pt,49.5pt"/><v:line
id="_x0000_s1143" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251693568'
from="192.5pt,13.5pt" to="198pt,13.5pt"/><v:line id="_x0000_s1146" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251696640' from="247.5pt,13.5pt" to="247.5pt,49.5pt"/><v:line
id="_x0000_s1148" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251698688'
from="242pt,13.5pt" to="247.5pt,13.5pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"> </span></div><table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="17" width="256"></td> <td width="9"></td> <td width="57"></td> <td width="9"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td height="50"></td> <td align="left" valign="top"><img height="50" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image017.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1142 _x0000_s1143" width="9" /></td> <td></td> <td align="left" valign="top"><img height="50" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image018.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1146 _x0000_s1148" width="9" /></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><!--[endif]--><o:p> </o:p><br />
<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 176.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1145" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251695616' from="198pt,12.55pt" to="242pt,12.55pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 263px; margin-top: 16px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 61px; z-index: 251695616;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image019.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1145" width="61" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7 + 2,76</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 176.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -176.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line
id="_x0000_s1147" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251697664'
from="242pt,11.55pt" to="247.5pt,11.55pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 322px; margin-top: 14px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 9px; z-index: 251697664;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1147" width="9" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1144"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251694592' from="192.5pt,11.55pt"
to="198pt,11.55pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 256px; margin-top: 14px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 9px; z-index: 251694592;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1144" width="9" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>2</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 176.0pt;"><span style="mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 4,88 gr<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 176.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 176.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 176.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 176.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .25in; text-align: justify;">Berat Liat (b)<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1036" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:105pt;height:33.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\ADMINI~1\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image021.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img border="0" height="45" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image022.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1036" width="140" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1036"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1360177049"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]-->- 0,5</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 176.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1154" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251704832' from="286pt,20pt" to="291.5pt,20pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 380px; margin-top: 26px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 10px; z-index: 251704832;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image023.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1154" width="10" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1152"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251702784' from="291.5pt,20pt"
to="291.5pt,56pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 50px; left: 0px; margin-left: 388px; margin-top: 26px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251702784;"><img height="50" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image024.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1152" width="2" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1150"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251700736' from="192.5pt,20pt"
to="198pt,20pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 256px; margin-top: 26px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 9px; z-index: 251700736;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image025.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1150" width="9" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1149"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251699712' from="192.5pt,20pt"
to="192.5pt,56pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 50px; left: 0px; margin-left: 256px; margin-top: 26px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251699712;"><img height="50" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image024.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1149" width="2" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 176.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1155" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251705856' from="198pt,13pt" to="286pt,13pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 263px; margin-top: 16px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 119px; z-index: 251705856;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1155" width="119" /></span><!--[endif]-->=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6,5 + 0,3(29-19,8) <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1161"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251712000' from="253pt,15.05pt"
to="258.5pt,15.05pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 336px; margin-top: 19px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 10px; z-index: 251712000;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image027.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1161" width="10" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1160"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251710976' from="258.5pt,15.05pt"
to="258.5pt,51.05pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 50px; left: 0px; margin-left: 344px; margin-top: 19px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251710976;"><img height="50" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image028.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1160" width="2" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1157"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251707904' from="192.5pt,15.05pt"
to="198pt,15.05pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 256px; margin-top: 19px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 9px; z-index: 251707904;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image029.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1157" width="9" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1156"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251706880' from="192.5pt,15.05pt"
to="192.5pt,51.05pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 50px; left: 0px; margin-left: 256px; margin-top: 19px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251706880;"><img height="50" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image028.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1156" width="2" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1153"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251703808' from="286pt,6.05pt"
to="291.5pt,6.05pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 380px; margin-top: 7px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 10px; z-index: 251703808;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image027.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1153" width="10" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1151"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251701760' from="192.5pt,6.05pt"
to="198pt,6.05pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 256px; margin-top: 7px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 9px; z-index: 251701760;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image029.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1151" width="9" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 176.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line
id="_x0000_s1159" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251709952'
from="203.5pt,16.75pt" to="247.5pt,16.75pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 270px; margin-top: 21px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 61px; z-index: 251709952;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image030.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1159" width="61" /></span><!--[endif]-->=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6,5 + 2,76</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line
id="_x0000_s1162" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251713024'
from="253pt,.45pt" to="258.5pt,.45pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 336px; margin-top: 0px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 10px; z-index: 251713024;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image023.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1162" width="10" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1158"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251708928' from="192.5pt,.45pt"
to="198pt,.45pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 256px; margin-top: 0px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 9px; z-index: 251708928;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image025.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1158" width="9" /></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 176.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-no-proof: no;">= 4,63 gr<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Berat Debu<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>= Berat (Debu + Liat) – berat Liat</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .25in .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>= 4,88 gr – 4,63 gr</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; tab-stops: .25in .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span>= 0,25 gr</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">Menghitung Persentase Pasir, Debu, dan Liat</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 27.0pt .5in 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>% Pasir<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>= <span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1037" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:27pt;height:33.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\ADMINI~1\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image031.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img border="0" height="45" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image032.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1037" width="36" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1037"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1360177050"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]-->x 100 %</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line
id="_x0000_s1163" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251714048'
from="193.8pt,17.4pt" to="228pt,17.4pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 257px; margin-top: 22px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 48px; z-index: 251714048;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image033.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1163" width="48" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x 100 %</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,88 + 3</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line
id="_x0000_s1164" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251715072'
from="193.8pt,15pt" to="228pt,15pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 257px; margin-top: 19px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 48px; z-index: 251715072;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image034.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1164" width="48" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span>= <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x 100 %</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7,88</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span>= 38,07 %<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .25in .5in 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>% Debu<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>= <span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1038"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:36pt;height:33.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\ADMINI~1\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image035.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img border="0" height="45" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image036.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1038" width="48" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1038"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1360177051"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x 100 %</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .25in .5in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line
id="_x0000_s1165" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251716096'
from="200.8pt,16pt" to="253.25pt,16pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 267px; margin-top: 20px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 72px; z-index: 251716096;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image037.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1165" width="72" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(4,88 – 4,63)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x 100 %</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .25in .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,88 + 3</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .25in .5in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line
id="_x0000_s1166" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251717120'
from="195.8pt,15.6pt" to="230pt,15.6pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 260px; margin-top: 20px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 48px; z-index: 251717120;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image034.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1166" width="48" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,25<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x 100 %</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .25in .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7,88</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: .25in .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span>= 3,17%</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .25in 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>% Liat<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>=<span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1039"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:27pt;height:33.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\ADMINI~1\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image038.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img border="0" height="45" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image039.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1039" width="36" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1039"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1360177052"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x 100 %</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .25in .5in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line
id="_x0000_s1167" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251718144'
from="193.8pt,14.6pt" to="228pt,14.6pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 257px; margin-top: 18px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 48px; z-index: 251718144;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image033.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1167" width="48" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span>= <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,63<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x 100 %</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .25in .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,88 + 3 </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .25in .5in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line
id="_x0000_s1168" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251719168'
from="188.8pt,15.2pt" to="223pt,15.2pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 251px; margin-top: 19px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 47px; z-index: 251719168;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image040.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1168" width="47" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span>= <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,63<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x 100 %</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .25in .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7,88</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; tab-stops: .25in .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span>= 58,76 %<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div>Nur Akmal Abdullahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12009812217579462064noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3021558861706622751.post-53688633453052925472011-02-25T06:07:00.000-08:002011-02-25T06:07:16.106-08:00LAPORAN PRAKTIKUM PENGANTAR KOMPUTER MICROSOFT WINDOWS<div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">LAPORAN PRAKTIKUM <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">PENGANTAR KOMPUTER<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">MICROSOFT WINDOWS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: center;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype
id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t"
path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/> </v:formulas> <v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/> <o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:129.75pt;
height:132.75pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\ADMINI~1\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.png"
o:title="UNHAS 1"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="177" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025" width="173" /><!--[endif]--></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>NAMA<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> : ANDI FAJAR ASWAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>NIM<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span> : G41109254<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">KELOMPOK : EMPAT (4)</span></b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">I. PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 21.0pt; text-indent: -21.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Latar Belakang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Di era yang semakin maju, kita dituntut mengerjakan sesuatu dengan serba cepat dan praktis dengan memanfaatkan teknologi yang seiring perkembangannya yang semakin pesat penggunaan komputer sebagai alat yang diciptakan untuk proses kerja manusia. Penggunaan teknologi informasi khususnya komputer kini sudah menjadi mata pelajaran wajib di sekolah-sekolah, mulai sekolah dasar hingga ke sekolah lanjutan atas dan sekolah kejuruan. Namun demikian yang paling besar pengaruhnya adalah di Perguruan Tinggi, di mana hampir semua perguruan tinggi di Indonesia sudah memanfaatkan teknologi ini dalam perkuliahannya, baik melalui tatap muka maupun secara Online. </span><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL;">Dengan teknologi ini mahasiswa bisa mengikuti matakuliah dengan baik, karena materi yang disampaikan selain mengandung materi yang berbobot juga mengandung unsur multimedia yang bisa menghibur. Di mana dengan bantuan komputer yang dihubungkan dengan multimedia projector seorang dosen tidak perlu menekan tombol keyboard atau papan ketik melainkan cukup menekan remote control yang dipegangnya</span><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: NL;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Berdasarkan uraian diatas, maka praktikum Microsoft Windows ini sangat penting untuk dilaksanakan agar menambah wawasan mengenai Microsoft, dan mengenal aplikasi apa saja yang ada di dalamnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; tab-stops: 20.3pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; tab-stops: 20.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">1.2. Tujuan dan Kegunaan <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 20.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 33.75pt;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tujuan dari praktikum ini adalah untuk mengetahui cara memulai dan mengoperasikan fasilitas di Microsoft Windows, cara menjalankan dan mengakhiri serta pengenalan lingkungan kerja Microsoft Windows guna mempermudah pekerjaan dalam hal pengoperasian Windows. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 20.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 33.75pt;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Kegunaan dari praktikum ini adalah agar praktikan dapat mengoperasikan Microsoft Windows serta menggunakan aplikasi aplikasi yang ada di dalamnya. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.0pt; tab-stops: 21.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">II. TINJAUAN PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Microsoft Windows</span>. atau yang lebih dikenal dengan sebutan Windows adalah keluarga <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_operasi" title="Sistem
operasi"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sistem operasi</span></a>. yang dikembangkan oleh <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Microsoft</span></a>, dengan menggunakan antarmuka berbasis grafik (<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface"><i><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">graphical user interface</span></i></a>). Sistem operasi Windows telah berevolusi dari <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">MS-DOS</span></a>, sebuah sistem operasi yang berbasis modus teks dan command-line. Windows versi pertama, Windows Graphic Environment 1.0 pertama kali diperkenalkan pada <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_November" title="10 November"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">10 November</span></a><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983" title="1983"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1983</span></a>, tetapi baru keluar pasar pada bulan November tahun <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985" title="1985"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1985</span></a>, yang dibuat untuk memenuhi kebutuhan komputer dengan tampilan bergambar. Windows 1.0 merupakan perangkat lunak 16-bit tambahan (bukan merupakan sistem operasi) yang berjalan di atas MS-DOS (dan beberapa varian dari MS-DOS), sehingga ia tidak akan dapat berjalan tanpa adanya sistem operasi DOS. Versi 2.x, versi 3.x juga sama. Beberapa versi terakhir dari Windows (dimulai dari versi 4.0 dan Windows NT 3.1) merupakan sistem operasi mandiri yang tidak lagi bergantung kepada sistem operasi <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">MS-DOS</span></a>. Microsoft Windows kemudian bisa berkembang dan dapat menguasai penggunaan sistem operasi hingga mencapai 90%.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Versi pertama Microsoft Windows, yang disebut dengan Windows 1.0, dirilis pada tanggal <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/20_November" title="20 November"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">20 November</span></a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985" title="1985"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1985</span></a>. Versi ini memiliki banyak kekurangan dalam beberapa fungsionalitas, sehingga kurang populer di pasaran. Pada awalnya Windows versi 1.0 ini hendak dinamakan dengan Interface Manager, akan tetapi <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rowland_Hanson&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Rowland Hanson (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Rowland Hanson</span></a>, kepala bagian pemasaran di <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Corporation" title="Microsoft Corporation"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Microsoft Corporation</span></a>, meyakinkan para petinggi Microsoft bahwa nama "Windows" akan lebih "memikat" konsumen. Windows 1.0 bukanlah sebuah sistem operasi yang lengkap, tapi hanya memperluas kemampuan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">MS-DOS</span></a> dengan tambahan antarmuka grafis. Selain itu, Windows 1.0 juga memiliki masalah dan kelemahan yang sama yang dimiliki oleh <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">MS-DOS</span></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Computer" title="Apple
Computer"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Apple</span></a> yang menuntut Microsoft membuat Microsoft membatasi kemampuannya. Sebagai contoh, jendela-jendela di dalam Windows 1.0 hanya dapat ditampilkan di layar secara "<i>tile</i>" saja, sehingga jendela tersebut tidak dapat saling menimpa satu sama lainnya. Selain itu, tidak ada semacam tempat yang digunakan untuk menyimpan berkas sebelum dihapus (Recycle Bin), karena memang Apple berkeyakinan bahwa mereka memiliki hak terhadap paradigma tersebut. Microsoft pun kemudian membuang limitasi tersebut dari Windows dengan menandatangani perjanjian lisensi dengan Apple.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span>Pada awal-awal tahun 1990an, hubungan antara Microsoft dan IBM pun meregang akibat munculnya sebuah konflik. Hal ini dikarenakan mereka saling bekerja sama dalam mengembangkan sistem operasi komputer pribadi masing-masing (IBM dengan OS/2 dan Microsoft dengan Windows-nya), keduanya memiliki akses terhadap kode masing-masing sistem operasi. Microsoft menghendaki pengembangan lebih lanjut dari sistem operasi Windows buatannya, sementara IBM memiliki hasrat bahwa semua pekerjaan masa depannya haruslah dibuat berdasarkan sistem operasi OS/2. Dalam sebuah percobaan untuk mengakhiri konflik ini, IBM dan Microsoft akhirnya setuju bahwa IBM akan mengembangkan IBM OS/2 versi 2.0, untuk menggantikan OS/2 versi 1.3 dan Windows 3.0, sementara Microsoft harus mengembangkan sebuah sistem operasi baru, OS/2 versi 3.0, yang akan kemudian menggantikan OS/2 versi 2.0.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kira-kira pada waktu yang sama, Microsoft merilis Microsoft <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_for_Workgroups" title="Windows for Workgroups"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Windows for Workgroups</span></a>, yang tersedia baik sebagai tambahan untuk Windows 3.1 dan sebagai sebuah versi yang tercakup di dalamnya lingkungan dasar Windows dan tambahan kemampuan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaringan_komputer" title="Jaringan
komputer"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">jaringan</span></a> di dalam sebuah paket. Windows for Workgroups mencakup <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver"><i><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">driver</span></i></a> jaringan komputer dan <i>stack</i> protokol yang lebih baik, dan juga mendukung jaringan secara <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer"><i><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">peer-to-peer</span></i></a>. Salah satu download opsional untuk Windows for Workgroups adalah <i>stack</i> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protokol_jaringan" title="Protokol
jaringan"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">protokol</span></a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP" title="TCP/IP"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">TCP/IP</span></a> dengan nama kode "<b>Wolverine</b>", yang mengizinkan akses ke Internet melalui jaringan korporat. Windows for Workgroups dirilis dalam dua versi, Windows for Workgroups 3.1 dan Windows for Workgroups 3.11. Tidak seperti versi-versi Windows sebelumnya, Windows for Workgroups 3.11 hanya berjalan di dalam modus 386 Enhanced, dan membutuhkan setidaknya mesin dengan prosesor <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_80386" title="Intel 80386"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Intel 80386SX</span></a>.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pada bulan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juli" title="Juli"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Juli</span></a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006" title="2006"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">2006</span></a>, Microsoft merilis sebuah versi <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_XP" title="Windows XP"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Windows XP Service Pack 2</span></a>, yang ditujukan untuk pasar <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thin-client&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Thin-client (halaman belum tersedia)"><i><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">thin-client</span></i></a>, yang disebut sebagai <b>Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs</b> (WinFLP). WinFLP hanya tersedia bagi para pelanggan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsoft_Software_Assurance&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Microsoft Software Assurance (halaman belum
tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Microsoft Software Assurance</span></a>. Tujuan dibuatnya WinFLP adalah untuk memberikan pilihan <i>upgrade</i> kepada para pelanggannya yang masih menggunakan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_95" title="Windows 95"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Windows 95</span></a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_98" title="Windows 98"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Windows 98</span></a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Me" title="Windows Me"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Windows Me</span></a>, dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Windows_NT_Workstation&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Windows NT Workstation (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Windows NT Workstation</span></a>. Sebagian besar aplikasi pengguna dijalankan di atas mesin jarak jauh dengan menggunakan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_Services" title="Terminal
Services"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Terminal Services</span></a> atau <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Citrix&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Citrix (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Citrix</span></a>.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;">Setelah meraih kesukesan besar dengan Windows XP, Microsoft tidak lantas berhenti begitu saja mengembangkan Windows. Versi terbaru dari Windows, disebut dengan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista"><b><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Windows Vista</span></b></a>, dirilis pada tanggal <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/30_November" title="30 November"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">30 November</span></a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006" title="2006"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">2006</span></a> <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6158719.stm"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[1]</span></a> bagi kalangan bisnis sementara untuk kalangan pengguna rumahan dirilis pada tanggal 30 Januari 2007. Windows Vista memang dicanangkan agar memiliki keamanan yang lebih tangguh dibandingkan dengan versi-versi sebelumnya, dengan memperkenalkan sebuah modus pengguna yang terbatas, yang disebut sebagai <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_Account_Control&action=edit&redlink=1" title="User Account Control (halaman belum tersedia)"><i><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">User Account Control</span></i></a> (UAC), untuk menggantikan filosofi "<i>administrator-by-default</i>" yang diberlakukan pada Windows XP. Windows Vista juga memperkenalkan fitur grafik yang jauh lebih "memikat", yang disebut dengan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Aero" title="Windows Aero"><b><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Windows Aero</span></b></a><b> </b><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUI" title="GUI"><b><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">GUI</span></b></a>, aplikasi yang baru (seperti halnya <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Windows_Calendar&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Windows Calendar (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Windows Calendar</span></a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_DVD_Maker" title="Windows DVD Maker"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Windows DVD Maker</span></a> dan beberapa <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game" title="Game"><i><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">game</span></i></a> baru termasuk <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chess_Titans&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Chess Titans (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Chess Titans</span></a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahjong" title="Mahjong"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Mahjong</span></a>, dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Purble_Place&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Purble Place (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Purble Place</span></a>). Selain itu, Windows Vista juga menawarkan versi Microsoft <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Explorer" title="Internet
Explorer"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Internet Explorer</span></a> yang lebih aman, serta <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Media_Player" title="Windows
Media Player"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Windows Media Player</span></a> versi baru (versi 11).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;">Windows Server 2008, adalah sebuah versi baru <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Server" title="Windows
Server"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Windows Server</span></a>, yang dijadwalkan untuk dirilis pada tanggal <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/27_Februari" title="27 Februari"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">27 Februari</span></a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008" title="2008"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">2008</span></a>. Pada saat pengembangannya, Windows Server memiliki nama kode "<b>Windows Server Codenamed Longhorn.</b>" Windows Server 2008 dibangun di atas beberapa keunggulan teknologi dan keamanan yang pada awalnya diperkenalkan dengan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Windows Vista</span></a>, dan ditujukan agar bisa lebih modular secara signifikan, ketimbang pendahulunya, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Server_2003" title="Windows
Server 2003"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Windows Server 2003</span></a>.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;">Rilis selanjutnya setelah Windows Vista adalah Windows 7, yang sebelumnya dikenal dengan sebutan <b>Blackcomb</b> dan <b>Vienna</b>. Saat pertama kali dirilis, Windows ini memiliki kernel NT versi 6.1 build 7600, yaitu perbaikan dari Windows Vista dimana saat rilis pertama memiliki kernel NT 6.0 build 6000. Windows 7 yang dirilis pada tanggal 22 Oktober 2009 ini memiliki keamanan dan fitur yang baru, diantaranya adalah: Jump List, Taskbar yang membuka program dengan tampilan kecil, Windows Media Player 12, Internet Explorer 8, dan lain-lain. Beberapa fitur yang unik adalah Sidebar yang berganti nama menjadi Gadget dan bebas ditaruh kemana-mana pada desktop (tidak seperti Sidebar yang hanya bisa diletakkan di tempat tertentu). Fitur itu membuat Windows 7 menjadi menarik. Spesifikasi Windows 7 lebih ringan dan harganya juga lebih murah dari pada Windows Vista.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">III. METODOLOGI PRAKTIKUM<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">3.1. Waktu dan Tempat<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 20.4pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Praktikum Komputer mengenai Mic</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">rosoft Windows dilaksanakan hari Selasa pada tanggal 22 september 2010 pukul 14.00 – 16.00 WITA di Laboratorium Komputer dan Sistem Informasi Program Studi Ilmu dan Keteknikan Pertanian Jurusan Teknologi Pertanian Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar 2010.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL;">3. 2. Prosedur Kerja<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 23.8pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL;">Memulai Microsoft Windows<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 59.8pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="NL" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: NL; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL;">Tekan tombol ON pada CPU dan monitor.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 59.8pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 23.8pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mengakhiri Microsoft Windows<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 59.8pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Klik menu start<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 59.8pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Klik turn off pada menu start <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">V. PENUTUP<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; tab-stops: 22.4pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">5.1. Kesimpulan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; tab-stops: 22.4pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kesimpulan yang didapat dari praktikum Microsoft Windows adalah praktikan mampu mengoperasikan microsoft windows <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo2; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-indent: -32.3pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.2.1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Saran Untuk Laboratorium<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 53.85pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kalau memungkinkan, ruangannya diberi AC. Karena hal ini juga dapat mempengaruhi konsentrasi ketika sedang praktikum.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo2; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-indent: -32.3pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.2.2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Saran Untuk Asisten<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 53.3pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Sebaiknya asisten menjelaskan lebih detail dari pembuatan laporan ini karena praktikan menemukan beberapa kendala dalam pembuatan laporan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 53.3pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">DAFTAR<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.1pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.1pt;">Anonim I, 2007. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Microsoft Excel.</i> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">http://wikipedia.org.</b> Akses tanggal, <st1:date day="23" month="11" w:st="on" year="2008">23 November 2008</st1:date>.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 45.1pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.1pt;">Anonim II, 2005. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Microsoft Excel</i>. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">http://ilmukomputer.com.</b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>Akses tanggal, <st1:date day="23" month="11" w:st="on" year="2008">23 November 2008</st1:date>.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 45.1pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.1pt;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Anonim III, 2007. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Rumus-rumus baru Microsoft Excel. </i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><a href="http://google.co.id/"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://google.co.id</span></a>.</span> </b>Akses tanggal, 23 November 2008<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kuswayatno, Lia, 2005. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Berkomputer</b>. Grafindo, Bandung.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Mardiana, 2003. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Aplikasi Microsoft Excel. </b>Yrama Widya, Bandung.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Wicaksono, Yudhy, 2007. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Microsoft Excel. </b>Elex Media Komputindo, Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%;"><br />
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</div>Nur Akmal Abdullahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12009812217579462064noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3021558861706622751.post-85373453129109744792010-12-20T22:46:00.000-08:002010-12-20T22:46:31.827-08:00bab 3 PC<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB III<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">PERANCANGAN APLIKASI e-LEARNING DENGAN SKRIP PHP DAN MySQL<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tujuan Perancangan Program Aplikasi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada bab ini akan dibahas mengenai gambaran umum aplikasi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">e-learning</i> menggunakan skrip PHP dan MySQL yang akan diterapkan pada Jurusan Teknik Elektro Sub Program Studi Teknik Telekomunikasi. Perancangan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">e-learning</i> dengan menggunakan skrip PHP dan MySQL ini bertujuan untuk mendesain program pendukung komunikasi antar muka dengan menggunakan metode <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Blended e-learning</i> yang mencakup perencanaan sistem <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">database </i>yang baik dan </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">merancang struktur <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">database</i> itu sendiri, membuat hubungan antar tabel (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Relational database</i>) serta menggambarkan diagram alir data atau Data Flow Diagram (DFD). </span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;">Selain itu dibahas juga mengenai perancangan halaman <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">web</i> dan pembuatan program aplikasi.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Arsitektur Umum Sistem<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Arsitektur umum sistem ini terdiri dari 2 sub sistem yaitu sub sistem <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hardware</i> yang menggunakan laptop dengan spesifikasi processor Intel Pentium core 2 duo, RAM 1GB, hard disk 120GB, Kabel UTP 4-<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pair</i> dan sub sistem <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">software</i> dengan menggunakan Xampp yang merupakan bagian dari <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">server</i>. Arsitektur sistem dapat dilihat pada gambar 3.1 dibawah ini<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype
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</tbody></table><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Server</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">User </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Gambar 3.1 Arsitektur Umum Sistem<sup>[6]</sup> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam arsitektur umum sistem ini terdapat dua bagian yaitu bagian <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">server</i> dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">user</i>. Pada bagian <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">server</i> ini terdapat struktur <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">software</i> yaitu apache dan MySQL yang terintegrasi dalam program Xampp. Dimana Xampp ini merupakan salah satu perangkat lunak yang menunjang berjalannya aplikasi mulai dari <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">request user</i> menggunakan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">web browser (client</i>) kemudian melalui jaringan dikirim kepada <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">server </i>yang didalamnya terdapat <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">database</i> yang merupakan sistem yang kompleks untuk menyimpan seluruh data yang dibutuhkan oleh <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">user</i>. Tugas <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">web server</i> apache adalah menerima <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">request </i>data dari <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">user </i>yang membutuhkan data dan apache mempunyai teknik untuk berkomunikasi dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">client</i>-nya dengan menggunakan protokol HTTP yang memungkinkan proses <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">transfer</i> data antara <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">web server</i> dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">client</i> berjalan dengan baik.<sup><o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tahapan Perancangan <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Adapun proses perancangan yang dilakukan untuk merealisasikan Tugas Akhir ini adalah perancangan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hardware</i> dimana mencakup Penyediaan perangkat PC dan Penyambungan kabel UTP 4-<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pair </i>dan perancangan sistem <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">database</i> untuk aplikasi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">e-learning</i> ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3.3.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Perancangan Hardware<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3.3.1.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Penyediaan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Perangkat PC<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Perangkat PC yang digunakan pada tugas akhir ini 2 buah laptop, dimana salah satu laptop digunakan sebagai <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">server </i>dan yang lain sebagai <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">user</i>. Fungsi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">server </i>disini untuk menerima, memproses lalu mengirimkan kembali kepada <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">user. </i>Fungsi <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">user </i>adalah sebagai pengguna layanan dari aplikasi ini yang mengirimkan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">request</i> data kepada <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">server</i> dan akan memperoleh respon balik dari <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">server</i> berupa data yang dibutuhkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3.3.1.2 Penyambungan Kabel UTP <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jenis kabel yang digunakan adalah UTP (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Unshield Twisted Pair</i>) yang dihubungkan antara port PC yang berfungsi sebagai <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">server</i> ke port PC yang berfungsi sebagai <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">user</i>. Misalkan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">port</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">server</i> adalah A dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">port</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">user</i> adalah B. Berikut adalah gambaran dari penghubungan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">port </i>A dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">port</i> B. Jenis kabel UTP yang digunakan adalah jenis kabel UTP 4-<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pair,</i> seperti yang terlihat pada gambar dibawah ini<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
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</div><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" /> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Gambar 3.2 Konfigurasi Kabel UTP 4-Pair<sup>[6]<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1034" type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute;
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Gambar 3.3 Blok Hubungan Antar <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">port</i> pada kabel UTP 4-<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pair</i><sup>[6]</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.3.2 Tahapan perancangan sistem database<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ada beberapa langkah yang diperlukan dalam membangun suatu sistem <i>database</i> yang baik, yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div><ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: 0cm 18.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengumpulkan gagasan-gagasan<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dalam tahap ini, diusahakan untuk menampilkan suatu daftar untuk semua <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">field</i> yang memungkinkan untuk dimasukkan ke dalam <i>database</i>. Selama tahap berikutnya, mungkin didapatkan bahwa ada beberapa <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">field</i> yang perlu ditambahkan. Untuk mengenali <i>field-field</i> ini sangatlah penting untuk menghindari kemungkinan melakukan perbaikan ulang struktur <i>database</i> dikemudian hari. Memilih tipe data untuk setiap <i>field</i> juga termasuk dalam tahap ini. Tipe data yang dipilih sebaiknya yang memungkinkan untuk ruang penyimpanan (<i>storage space</i>) yang paling kecil. Hal ini dimaksudkan untuk menghemat ruang penyimpanan. <o:p></o:p></span></div><ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: 0cm 18.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengelompokkan <i>field<o:p></o:p></i></span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Setelah mendapatkan daftar mengenai <i>field-field</i>, maka langkah selanjutnya adalah mengelompokkannya dalam grup (tabel). Tabel-tabel ini akan saling berhubungan satu sama lain, sehinggga perlu dipikirkan <i>field </i>mana yang dapat berperan sebagai kunci.<o:p></o:p></span></div><ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: 0cm 18.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membangun hubungan (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Relational</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hal yang sangat penting dalam tahap ini adalah bagaimana menggambarkan model hubungan antar tabel dalam bentuk visual, agar hubungan-hubungan ini dapat tampak dengan lebih jelas.<o:p></o:p></span></div><ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menguji struktur <i>database</i> <o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada tahap ini yang dilakukan adalah menguji struktur <i>database</i> dengan sejumlah data sebelum mulai membangun program aplikasi. Setelah selesai menambahkan data kedalam tabel untuk menguji strukturnya, kemudian dibuat suatu <i>query</i> untuk mengambil data dari <i>database</i> tersebut yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah data yang diambil sudah sesuai dengan kriteria yang ditentukan atau belum. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.3.3 Konfigurasi teknis sistem secara umum <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.Web browser meminta<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2. Web server meminta<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3. Web server<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menyiapkan file-file<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sebuah halaman web<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>halaman yang diminta<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>HTML dan skrip PHP serta <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 8;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>melakukan koneksi ke <i>database</i> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:group id="_x0000_s1078" style='position:absolute;
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gambar 3.4 Model konfigurasi teknis sistem secara umum<sup>[4]<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk mendukung pelayanan sistem ini maka yang diperlukan adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: 0cm list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Web Server<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Merupakan penyedia data berupa file-file <i>form</i>at HTML yang akan ditampilkan di <i>web browser</i>. 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font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hardware</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: 0cm list 78.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Processor Intel Pentium<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; 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font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Client</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><i><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Client</span></i><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> digunakan pada saat ingin mengakses aplikasi ini atau dengan kata lain <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">client </i>adalah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">web browser</i>. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Web <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">browser </span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">ini digunakan sebagai fasilitas yang mendukung proses <i>browsing</i> </span>seperti Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, dan lain-lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div><ol start="3" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jaringan internet / intranet<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ini merupakan jaringan komunikasi data berbasis TCP/IP dan menggabungkan lebih dari satu (beberapa) perangkat komputer dalam satu jaringan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><ol start="4" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sistem <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">database<o:p></o:p></i></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Database</span></i><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> berperan sebagai penyedia data-data yang diinginkan oleh <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">user </i>melalui <i>client</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">-nya, dimana data yang dikirim oleh <i>database</i> melalui <i>client</i> akan dikirim kembali kepada <i>user</i> sesuai dengan data/informasi yang diinginkan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3.3.4 <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hubungan antar tabel dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">database</i> (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Relational database</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Relasional adalah sebuah bentuk hubungan antara beberapa data yang dikelompokkan dalam sebuah tabel, bentuk-bentuk hubungan ini sangat dibutuhkan dalam memperoleh in<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">form</span>asi dan dapat mendokumentasikan berbagai in<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">form</span>asi. Relasional merupakan bentuk hubungan antara dua tabel atau lebih, yang salah satu tabel anggotanya akan memiliki bentuk ketergantungan yang erat, sehingga tidak dapat dipisah-pisahkan secara menyendiri. Dengan adanya hubungan ini sebuah data dapat disimpan dengan struktur yang terorganisisr sehingga memudahkan dalam mendapatkan in<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">form</span>asi dan mengelola <i>database-</i>nya. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Dalam membuat hubungan diantara tabel yang berisi berbagai <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">field</i> untuk menyusun laporan yang menggambarkan data dari sejumlah tabel berbeda dan laporan tersebut hanya menampilkan informasi yang perlu dilihat saja. MySQL merupakan sebuah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">relational database</i> yang mendukung <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">multi-user </i>dan merupakan sebuah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">server database</i> yang banyak digunakan di internet karena kehandalannya seperti kecepatan dan kemudahan penggunaannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Dalam konteks bahasa SQL, pada umumnya informasi tersimpan dalam tabel-tabel yang secara logika merupakan struktur dua dimensi yang terdiri dari baris-baris data yang berada dalam satu atau lebih kolom. Baris pada tabel sering disebut <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">instance</i> atau <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">record </i>dari data, sedangkan kolom sering disebut sebagai <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">atribut</i> atau <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">field</i>. Keseluruhan tabel itu dihimpun dalam satu kesatuan yang disebut <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">database.</i></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Adapun struktur database dalam aplikasi ini <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">e-learning</i> ini dapat dilihat pada gambar <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">relational database</i> dibawah ini<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Gambar 3.5 Relational Database<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3.3.5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Data Flow Diagram (DFD)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 1.0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><u>DFD Level 0<o:p></o:p></u></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1107" style='position:absolute;
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<tr> <td height="0" width="0"></td> <td width="208"></td> <td width="199"></td> <td width="218"></td> </tr>
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<div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" /> <div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 18.0pt 279.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Data login admin<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Data login dosen<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 18.0pt 288.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Daftar Mata Kuliah<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> Upload Mata Kuliah<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 18.0pt 288.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Hapus Mata Kuliah<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> Update Mata Kuliah<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 18.0pt 288.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Daftar Dosen<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> Hapus file<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 18.0pt 288.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tambah nama dosen<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Daftar bimbingan Tugas Akhir<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 18.0pt 288.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Approve pendaftaran mahasiswa<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> Daftar penelitian<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 18.0pt 288.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Lihat daftar mahasiswa</span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> <span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Baca komentar<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 18.0pt 288.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect
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<tr> <td bgcolor="white" height="90" style="background: white; border: .75pt solid black; vertical-align: top;" width="198"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 50;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
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</tbody></table><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Logout<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> Beri komentar<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 18.0pt 288.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Update account<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 18.0pt 288.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Logout<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1119"
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filled="f"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"/> <v:path arrowok="t"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 148px; margin-left: 376px; margin-top: 4px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 171px; z-index: 54;"><img height="148" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Akmal/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image019.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1120" width="171" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 18.0pt 288.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Data login mahasiswa<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>baca file<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 18.0pt 288.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Baca file<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Download file<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 18.0pt 288.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Download file<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Daftar bookmark<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Baca komentar<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Beri komentar<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1108" style='position:absolute;
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</tbody></table></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Logout<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar 3.6 DFD Level 0<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 1.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada DFD level 0 ini memperlihatkan </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Data Flow Diagram</span></i><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> level 0 yang melibatkan 4 buah entitas yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Entitas Admin<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Admin adalah pengelola yang bertanggung jawab mengorganisir mulai dari halaman utama atau <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">form</i> pembuka, peng<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">input</i>an data mata kuliah, menambah mata kuliah, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">input</i> nama dosen, memperbaharui (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">update) </i>nama dosen<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, approve pending </i>registrasi yang dilakukan oleh mahasiswa, dengan terlebih dahulu memasukkan data <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">login</i> berupa <i>username</i> dan <i>password</i>. Admin juga dapat mengetahui semua data dan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>informasi yang disediakan oleh sistem.<o:p></o:p></span></div><ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Entitas Dosen<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam implementasinya dosen memiliki banyak kemudahan untuk melakukan aplikasi-aplikasi didalam <i>e-learning</i>. Dosen dapat melakukan <i>login</i> terlebih dahulu untuk masuk dalam <i>account</i> dengan memasukkan Nomor Induk Pegawai (NIP), <i>username </i>dan <i>password</i>, setelah itu dosen dapat mulai meng-<i>upload</i> dan <i>update </i>mata kuliah, menghapus <i>file, upload</i> daftar bimbingan TA dan penelitian (<i>research)</i>, membaca dan memberi komentar, dan <i>update account</i> yang dapat digunakan untuk mengganti <i>password </i>apabila diinginkan<i>.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div><ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Entitas Mahasiswa<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mahasiswa sebagai bagian yang tidak terpisahkan dalam aplikasi <i>e-learning</i> ini dapat melakukan <i>login</i> setelah di<i>approve</i> oleh admin dimana untuk <i>login</i> kedalam <i>account</i> mahasiswa harus memasukkan nomor stambuk (STB), <i>username</i> dan <i>password</i> terlebih dahulu. Didalam <i>account </i>mahasiswa dapat membaca <i>file, download file</i> mata kuliah, daftar <i>bookmark</i>, membaca dan memberi komentar.<o:p></o:p></span></div><ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Entias <i>Public User<o:p></o:p></i></span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><i><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Public user</span></i><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dalam hal ini tidak memiliki <i>account </i>pribadi sehingga dapat membaca dan men-<i>download file</i> tanpa harus <i>login</i> dalam sebuah <i>account.</i> Fungsi <i>public user </i>terbatas hanya dapat membaca <i>file</i> dan men-<i>download</i>nya<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 1.0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">DFD Level 1<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:group id="_x0000_s1110" style='position:absolute;
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<tr> <td bgcolor="white" height="56" style="background: white; border: .75pt solid black; vertical-align: top;" width="102"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: -30;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
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</tbody></table></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></td> </tr>
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<tr> <td bgcolor="white" height="56" style="background: white; border: .75pt solid black; vertical-align: top;" width="102"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: -29;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td><!--[endif]--> <div class="shape" style="padding: 4.35pt 7.95pt 4.35pt 7.95pt;" v:shape="_x0000_s1122"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ADMIN<o:p></o:p></b></div></div><!--[if !mso]--></td> </tr>
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<tr> <td bgcolor="white" height="64" style="background: white; border: .75pt solid black; vertical-align: top;" width="102"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: -26;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
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</tbody></table></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></td> </tr>
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</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" /> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar 3.7 DFD Level 1<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tabel 3.1 Spesifikasi Proses DFD Level 1<o:p></o:p></span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Nomor Proses<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Nama Proses<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Login</span></i><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;"> admin<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-right: -5.4pt; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Deskripsi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Proses meng-<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">input</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">username </i>dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">password</i><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Input<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Data <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">login</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">username&password</i><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Output<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Tampilan halaman <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">account </i>admin<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0cm;"><br />
</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Nomor Proses<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Nama Proses<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Daftar mata kuliah</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-right: -5.4pt; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Deskripsi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Proses meng-<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">upload</i> data mata kuliah<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Input<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Data mata kuliah baru<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Output<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tampilan Data Mata kuliah<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><br />
</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Nomor Proses<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Nama Proses<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Hapus mata kuliah<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-right: -5.4pt; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Deskripsi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Proses menghapus data mata kuliah<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Input<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Hapus <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">file</i><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Output<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Tampilan data berhasil dihapus<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
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<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Nomor Proses<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Nama Proses<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Daftar nama dosen (NIP, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">username, password</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-right: -5.4pt; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Deskripsi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Proses menampilkan informasi lengkap tentang nama dosen<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Input<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;">Dosen baru<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Output<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Tampilan informasi nama dosen<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
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width:385;height:351' strokecolor="white"> <v:fill opacity="28180f"/> <v:textbox style='mso-next-textbox:#_x0000_s1160'> <![if !mso]> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width="100%"><tr> <td><![endif]> <div> <p class=MsoNormal>7</p></div><![if !mso]></td> </tr>
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width:1380;height:2428'> <v:textbox style='mso-next-textbox:#_x0000_s1165'> <![if !mso]> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width="100%"><tr> <td><![endif]> <div> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'>Tampilan </p></div><![if !mso]></td> </tr>
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filled="f"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"/> <v:path arrowok="t"/> </v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1169" style='position:absolute;left:9375;top:9140;
width:1545;height:3303;flip:y' coordsize="1533,3403" path="m,l1533,r,3403e"
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width:1380;height:977'> <v:textbox style='mso-next-textbox:#_x0000_s1170;mso-fit-shape-to-text:t'> <![if !mso]> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width="100%"><tr> <td><![endif]> <div> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'>Daftar penelitian</p></div><![if !mso]></td> </tr>
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style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Data berkas<span style='display:none;
mso-hide:all'>ianorduliah<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
style='display:none;mso-hide:all'>ent System</span></p></div><![if !mso]></td> </tr>
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height:977'> <v:textbox style='mso-next-textbox:#_x0000_s1202;mso-fit-shape-to-text:t'> <![if !mso]> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width="100%"><tr> <td><![endif]> <div> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'>Data bimbingan<span
style='display:none;mso-hide:all'>ianorduliah<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
style='display:none;mso-hide:all'>ent System</span></p></div><![if !mso]></td> </tr>
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height:760'> <v:textbox style='mso-next-textbox:#_x0000_s1204'> <![if !mso]> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width="100%"><tr> <td><![endif]> <div> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'>Data penelitian<span
style='display:none;mso-hide:all'>ianorduliah<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
style='display:none;mso-hide:all'>ent System</span></p></div><![if !mso]></td> </tr>
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style='display:none;mso-hide:all'>ianorduliah<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
style='display:none;mso-hide:all'>ent System</span></p></div><![if !mso]></td> </tr>
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style='display:none;mso-hide:all'>ianorduliah<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
style='display:none;mso-hide:all'>ent System</span></p></div><![if !mso]></td> </tr>
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width:527;height:484' strokecolor="white"> <v:fill opacity="28180f"/> <v:textbox style='mso-next-textbox:#_x0000_s1210'> <![if !mso]> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width="100%"><tr> <td><![endif]> <div> <p class=MsoNormal>10</p></div><![if !mso]></td> </tr>
</table><![endif]></v:textbox> </v:rect></v:group><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 570px; margin-left: -86px; margin-top: 29px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 691px; z-index: 80;"><img height="570" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Akmal/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image034.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1152 _x0000_s1153 _x0000_s1154 _x0000_s1155 _x0000_s1156 _x0000_s1157 _x0000_s1158 _x0000_s1159 _x0000_s1160 _x0000_s1161 _x0000_s1162 _x0000_s1163 _x0000_s1164 _x0000_s1165 _x0000_s1166 _x0000_s1167 _x0000_s1168 _x0000_s1169 _x0000_s1170 _x0000_s1171 _x0000_s1172 _x0000_s1173 _x0000_s1174 _x0000_s1175 _x0000_s1176 _x0000_s1177 _x0000_s1178 _x0000_s1179 _x0000_s1180 _x0000_s1181 _x0000_s1182 _x0000_s1183 _x0000_s1184 _x0000_s1185 _x0000_s1186 _x0000_s1187 _x0000_s1188 _x0000_s1189 _x0000_s1190 _x0000_s1191 _x0000_s1192 _x0000_s1193 _x0000_s1194 _x0000_s1195 _x0000_s1196 _x0000_s1197 _x0000_s1198 _x0000_s1199 _x0000_s1200 _x0000_s1201 _x0000_s1202 _x0000_s1203 _x0000_s1204 _x0000_s1205 _x0000_s1206 _x0000_s1207 _x0000_s1208 _x0000_s1209 _x0000_s1210" width="691" /></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">DFD Level 2</span></u></b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar 3.8 DFD Level 2<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tabel 3.2 Spesifikasi proses DFD level 2<o:p></o:p></span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Nomor Proses<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Nama Proses<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Login</span></i><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;"> dosen<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-right: -5.4pt; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Deskripsi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Proses menginput NIP, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">username </i>dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">password</i><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Input<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Data <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">lecturer</i>(NIP)<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">,login(username&password)</i><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Output<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Tampilan halaman <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">account</i> dosen<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
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<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Nomor Proses<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Nama Proses<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><i><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Upload file</span></i><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> mata kuliah</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-right: -5.4pt; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Deskripsi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Proses meng-<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">upload</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">file</i> mata kuliah<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Input<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Dokumen baru (nama mata kuliah)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Output<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tampilan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">file</i> mata kuliah yang telah di-<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">upload</i><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><br />
</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Nomor Proses<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Nama Proses<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Update</span></i><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;"> mata kuliah<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-right: -5.4pt; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Deskripsi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Proses menambah (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">update) file </i>mata kuliah<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Input<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Edit data dokumen<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Output<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Tampilan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">file</i> mata kuliah yang berhasil di-<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">upload</i><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><br />
</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Nomor Proses<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Nama Proses<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Hapus <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">file</i> mata kuliah<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-right: -5.4pt; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Deskripsi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Proses menampilkan pilihan menghapus <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">file</i> mata kuliah<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Input<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;">Hapus <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">file</i> <o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Output<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Tampilan informasi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">file</i> mata kuliah telah berhasil dihapus<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Nomor Proses<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Nama Proses<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Daftar bimbingan <o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Deskripsi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Proses menampilkan informasi tentang daftar bimbingan TA <o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Input<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">form</span></i><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;"> bimbingan baru<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Output<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Tampilan informasi tentang daftar bimbingan TA<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Nomor Proses<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Nama Proses<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Daftar penelitian<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-right: -5.4pt; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Deskripsi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Proses menampilkan informasi penelitian<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Input<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;">form</span></i><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;"> penelitian baru<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Output<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Tampilan informasi penelitian<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Nomor Proses<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Nama Proses<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Beri komentar<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-right: -5.4pt; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Deskripsi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Proses meng-<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">upload</i> komentar <o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Input<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;">form </span></i><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;">beri komentar<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Output<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Tampilan informasi komentar berhasil disimpan<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Nomor Proses<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">8<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Nama Proses<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Lihat komentar<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-right: -5.4pt; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Deskripsi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Proses menampilkan komentar yang telah di-<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">upload</i> maupun yang telah ada sebelumnya <o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Input<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;">Form daftar komentar <o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Output<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Tampilan daftar komentar yang telah ter-<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">upload</i><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><br />
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<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Nomor Proses<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">9<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Nama Proses<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Update account<o:p></o:p></span></i></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Deskripsi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Proses menampilkan informasi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">account</i> sebelumnya <o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Input<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Formulir <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">update account</i><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Output<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Tampilan informasi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">update account</i> telah berhasil<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar 3.9 DFD Level 3<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tabel 3.3 Spesifikasi DFD level 3</span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Nomor Proses<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Nama Proses<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Login</span></i><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;"> mahasiswa<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-right: -5.4pt; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Deskripsi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Proses meng-<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">inpu</i>t data mahasiswa<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Input<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;">Data <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">login</i>(stambuk, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">password, username</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Output<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Tampilan halaman <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">account</i> mahasiswa<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
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<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Nomor Proses<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Nama Proses<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Lihat <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">file</i><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-right: -5.4pt; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Deskripsi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Proses menampilkan informasi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">file</i> mata kuliah <o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Input<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;">Daftar dokumen<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Output<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Tampilan daftar dokumen mata kuliah<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
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<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Nomor Proses<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Nama Proses<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Download file </span></i><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">mata kuliah<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-right: -5.4pt; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Deskripsi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Proses menampilkan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">form</i> penyimpanan untuk men-<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">download</i> <o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Input<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;">Pilih nama <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">file</i><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Output<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Tampilan pilihan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">file</i> yang akan di-<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">download</i><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
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</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Nomor Proses<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Nama Proses<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Daftar <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bookmark </i><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-right: -5.4pt; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Deskripsi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Proses menampilkan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">form</i> untuk <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bookmark file </i>mata kuliah <o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Input<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;">Pilih mata kuliah yang di<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bookmark</i><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Output<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Data mata kuliah yang berhasil di<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bookmark</i><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Nomor Proses<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Nama Proses<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Beri komentar<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-right: -5.4pt; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Deskripsi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Proses meng-<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">upload</i> komentar <o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Input<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;">Form</span></i><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;"> beri komentar<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Output<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Tampilan komentar berhasil disimpan<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Nomor Proses<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Nama Proses<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Lihat komentar<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-right: -5.4pt; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Deskripsi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Proses menampilkan daftar komentar <o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Input<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;">Form</span></i><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;"> lihat komentar<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Output<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Tampilan informasi komentar yang telah di-<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">upload</i><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">DFD Level 4<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:group id="_x0000_s1102" style='position:absolute;
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width:402;height:767' strokecolor="white"> <v:fill opacity="28180f"/> <v:textbox style='mso-next-textbox:#_x0000_s1103;mso-fit-shape-to-text:t'> <![if !mso]> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width="100%"><tr> <td><![endif]> <div> <p class=MsoNormal>1</p></div><![if !mso]></td> </tr>
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width:402;height:668' strokecolor="white"> <v:fill opacity="28180f"/> <v:textbox style='mso-next-textbox:#_x0000_s1104'> <![if !mso]> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width="100%"><tr> <td><![endif]> <div> <p class=MsoNormal>2</p></div><![if !mso]></td> </tr>
</table><![endif]></v:textbox> </v:rect></v:group><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 91px; margin-left: 353px; margin-top: 22px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 32px; z-index: -43;"><img height="91" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Akmal/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image037.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1102 _x0000_s1103 _x0000_s1104" width="32" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect
id="_x0000_s1137" style='position:absolute;margin-left:145.1pt;margin-top:10.95pt;
width:75.3pt;height:33.45pt;z-index:-14'> <v:textbox style='mso-next-textbox:#_x0000_s1137;mso-fit-shape-to-text:t'/> </v:rect><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 50px; margin-left: 192px; margin-top: 14px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 107px; z-index: -14;"> </span></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td bgcolor="white" height="50" style="background: white; border: .75pt solid black; vertical-align: top;" width="107"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: -14;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td><!--[endif]--> <div class="shape" style="padding: 4.35pt 7.95pt 4.35pt 7.95pt;" v:shape="_x0000_s1137"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">Lihat berkas</div></div><!--[if !mso]--></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><!--[endif]--><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:group id="_x0000_s1249" style='position:absolute;
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height:668'> <v:textbox style='mso-next-textbox:#_x0000_s1250;mso-fit-shape-to-text:t'> <![if !mso]> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width="100%"><tr> <td><![endif]> <div> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'>Data berkas<span
style='display:none;mso-hide:all'>ianorduliah<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
style='display:none;mso-hide:all'>ent System</span></p></div><![if !mso]></td> </tr>
</table><![endif]></v:textbox> </v:rect><v:line id="_x0000_s1251" style='position:absolute' from="8936,3748"
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id="_x0000_s1136" style='position:absolute;margin-left:-18.1pt;margin-top:3.5pt;
width:56.5pt;height:43.2pt;z-index:-15'> <v:textbox style='mso-next-textbox:#_x0000_s1136;mso-fit-shape-to-text:t'/> </v:rect><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 63px; margin-left: -25px; margin-top: 4px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 81px; z-index: -15;"> </span></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td bgcolor="white" height="63" style="background: white; border: .75pt solid black; vertical-align: top;" width="81"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: -15;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td><!--[endif]--> <div class="shape" style="padding: 4.35pt 7.95pt 4.35pt 7.95pt;" v:shape="_x0000_s1136"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">PUBLIC USER<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></div><!--[if !mso]--></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><!--[endif]--><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 280.45pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1139"
style='position:absolute;flip:y;z-index:-12' from="222.2pt,14.9pt" to="318.1pt,29.85pt"> <v:stroke startarrow="block" endarrow="block"/> </v:line><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 32px; margin-left: 294px; margin-top: 14px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 133px; z-index: -12;"><img height="32" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Akmal/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image042.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1139" width="133" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1138"
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height:49.2pt;z-index:-13'> <v:textbox style='mso-next-textbox:#_x0000_s1138;mso-fit-shape-to-text:t'/> </v:rect><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 72px; margin-left: 192px; margin-top: 10px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 107px; z-index: -13;"> </span></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td bgcolor="white" height="72" style="background: white; border: .75pt solid black; vertical-align: top;" width="107"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: -13;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td><!--[endif]--> <div class="shape" style="padding: 4.35pt 7.95pt 4.35pt 7.95pt;" v:shape="_x0000_s1138"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">Download<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berkas</div></div><!--[if !mso]--></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1135" type="#_x0000_t32"
style='position:absolute;margin-left:360.95pt;margin-top:22.65pt;width:0;
height:44.6pt;z-index:-16' o:connectortype="straight"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 63px; margin-left: 475px; margin-top: 29px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: -16;"><img height="63" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Akmal/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image043.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1135" width="12" /></span><!--[endif]--><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1105" style='position:absolute;
margin-left:360.95pt;margin-top:21.2pt;width:20.1pt;height:20.65pt;z-index:-42'
strokecolor="white"> <v:fill opacity="28180f"/> <v:textbox style='mso-next-textbox:#_x0000_s1105'> <![if !mso]> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width="100%"><tr> <td><![endif]> <div> <p class=MsoNormal>3</p></div><![if !mso]></td> </tr>
</table><![endif]></v:textbox> </v:rect><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 34px; margin-left: 480px; margin-top: 27px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 33px; z-index: -42;"><img alt="Text Box: 3" height="34" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Akmal/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image044.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1105" width="33" /></span><!--[endif]--></div><div class="MsoNormal"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1134" style='position:absolute;
margin-left:323.95pt;margin-top:21.15pt;width:76.5pt;height:35.15pt;z-index:-17'> <v:textbox style='mso-next-textbox:#_x0000_s1134'/> </v:rect><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 53px; margin-left: 431px; margin-top: 27px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 108px; z-index: -17;"> </span></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td bgcolor="white" height="53" style="background: white; border: .75pt solid black; vertical-align: top;" width="108"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: -17;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td><!--[endif]--> <div class="shape" style="padding: 4.35pt 7.95pt 4.35pt 7.95pt;" v:shape="_x0000_s1134"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">Tampilan </div></div><!--[if !mso]--></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><!--[endif]--><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:group
id="_x0000_s1099" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:7in;margin-top:102pt;width:108pt;height:84.85pt;z-index:41'
coordorigin="7668,10548" coordsize="2160,1697"> <v:rect id="_x0000_s1100" style='position:absolute;left:8388;top:11268;
width:1440;height:977'> <v:textbox style='mso-next-textbox:#_x0000_s1100;mso-fit-shape-to-text:t'> <![if !mso]> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width="100%"><tr> <td><![endif]> <div> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'>Data bimbingan<span
style='display:none;mso-hide:all'>ianorduliah<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
style='display:none;mso-hide:all'>ent System</span></p></div><![if !mso]></td> </tr>
</table><![endif]></v:textbox> </v:rect><v:line id="_x0000_s1101" style='position:absolute' from="7668,10548"
to="7668,11072"/> </v:group><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 117px; left: 0px; margin-left: 671px; margin-top: 135px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 148px; z-index: 41;"><img height="117" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Akmal/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image045.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1099 _x0000_s1100 _x0000_s1101" width="148" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar 3.10 DFD Level 4<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tabel 3.4 Spesifikasi DFD level 4<o:p></o:p></span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Nomor Proses<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Nama Proses<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Lihat berkas<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-right: -5.4pt; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Deskripsi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Proses menampilkan daftar dokumen<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Input<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;">Daftar dokumen<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Output<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Tampilan informasi dokumen<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Nomor Proses<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Nama Proses<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Download</span></i><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;"> berkas<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-right: -5.4pt; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Deskripsi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Proses menampilkan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">form</i> penyimpanan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">file</i> yang akan di-<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">download</i><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Input<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;">Pilih nama <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">file</i><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Output<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Tampilan pilihan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">file</i> yang akan di-<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">download</i><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3.4 Perancangan dan Pembuatan Program<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Program yang dirancang ini dibuat untuk mendukung sistem pertemuan antar muka yang terjadi antara dosen dan mahasiswa menggunakan program <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">e-learning</i>, dimana dengan adanya program ini akan memudahkan proses belajar mahasiswa dengan memanfaatkan teknologi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">online</i> yang dapat diakses kapan saja dan dimana saja serta dosen dapat dengan bebas men-<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sharing</i>kan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">file</i> mata kuliah yang sedang diajarkan maupun yang akan diajarkan. Program <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">e-learning</i> ini dibuat dengan lebih menonjolkan inti dari belajar secara mandiri oleh mahasiswa, dimana dapat melengkapi pertemuan antara dosen dan mahasiswa didalam kelas sehingga mahasiswa akan lebih memahami bahan-bahan mata kuliah yang tersaji oleh karena itulah program ini dibuat dengan menggunakan metode <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">blended e-learning </i>(e-learning campuran). <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Program <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">e-learning</i> ini juga dibuat dari awal pengerjaan program hingga selesai dengan memperhatikan detail-detail yang membuat aplikasi ini menjadi lebih baik, sebagai contoh dalam aplikasi ini tersedia menu khusus untuk dosen yang dapat dijadikan arsip pribadi, yaitu menu bimbingan tugas akhir dan menu penelitian, dimana pada menu tugas akhir memuat nama mahasiswa, judul skripsi, tahun pembuatan skripsi yang dapat digunakan dosen untuk mengetahui mahasiswa-mahasiswa yang dibimbingnya beserta dengan judul dan tahun pembuatan skripsi, sedangkan pada menu penelitian dosen dapat mengisinya dengan judul-judul penelitian pribadi yang dilakukan oleh dosen tersebut. Keunggulan lain dari aplikasi ini adalah dapat digunakan secara <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">offline, </i>namun penggunanya khusus untuk dosen dan harus menginstal program Xampp pada perangkat komputer untuk mendukung aplikasi ini jika ingin digunakan secara <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">offline</i>, dalam konteks bahwa mahasiswa maupun khalayak umum <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(public user)</i> yang menggunakan aplikasi ini hanya dapat mengakses masuk jika koneksi yang terhubung adalah secara <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">online </i>jadi tidak perlu untuk menginstal program Xampp melainkan langsung mengakses dengan menggunakan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">web browser</i> seperti internet explorer, mozilla firefox, google chrome, opera, dll. Program yang dibuat ini terdiri dari <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">form </i>utama (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">main form)</i> dan 4 sub <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">form</i> yaitu mahasiswa, dosen dan admin dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">public user</i>. Setelah pembuatan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">database</i>, dilakukan pembuatan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">layout</i>/tampilan mulai halaman utama (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">main form</i>) yang terdiri atas 4 menu yaitu “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">front page</i>”, “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">public user</i>”, “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">login</i>” dan “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">about”</i>. Dalam menu utama tersebut terdapat 4 sub menu yang merupakan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">actor</i> dalam aplikasi ini seperti terlihat pada gambar berikut<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>:<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect
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z-index:25' o:connectortype="straight"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 1;"><span style="height: 186px; left: 0px; left: 7px; position: absolute; top: -2px; width: 562px;"><img alt="Text Box: Dosen" height="186" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Akmal/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image046.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1026 _x0000_s1027 _x0000_s1028 _x0000_s1029 _x0000_s1030 _x0000_s1031 _x0000_s1036 _x0000_s1037 _x0000_s1048 _x0000_s1049 _x0000_s1050" width="562" /></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 427.5pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" /> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 427.5pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Gambar 3.11 Blok Diagram Menu Utama<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 427.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Program yang dibuat memiliki <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">form</i> yaitu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Form</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> pembuka, pada <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">form</i> ini terdapat menu “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">front page</i>”, “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">public user</i>”, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">login</i>” dan “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">about”</i>. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Form </i>ini sekaligus menampilkan halaman depan dimana terdapat 4 menu. Pada form utama ini, selain <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">front page</i> juga terdapat menu “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">public user</i>” yang didalamnya terdapat “daftar dokumen” yang diperuntukkan bagi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">public user </i>yang ingin mengakses <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">file-file</i> yang di <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sharing</i>-kan oleh dosen untuk umum, sedangkan menu <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">login</i> berfungsi untuk masuk kedalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">account</i> masing-masing baik bagi admin, dosen, maupun mahasiswa. Dalam menu <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">login </i>ini juga terdiri dari 3 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">actor</i> utama yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Menu Mahasiswa<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada menu ini terdapat item <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">username, password</i> dan nomor stambuk mahasiswa (No.Stb) agar mahasiswa dapat <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">login</i> ke dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">account</i> pribadinya, setelah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">login</i> dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">account</i>-nya terdapat daftar dokumen yang terdiri dari baca komentar, beri komentar, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bookmark </i>dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">search. </i>Menu baca komentar berfungsi untuk melihat komentar-komentar dari mahasiswa dan juga dosen mengenai bahan mata kuliah sedangkan menu beri komentar berfungsi agar mahasiswa dapat bertanya kepada dosen mengenai hal-hal yang kurang jelas dalam pertemuan dikelas maupun mata kuliah yang tidak dimengerti. Menu <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bookmark</i> berfungsi untuk memudahkan mahasiswa dalam melihat kembali daftar mata kuliah beserta <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">file-file</i> yang pernah dibaca sebelumnya. Menu <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">search</i> berfungsi untuk mencari <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">file</i> judul pertemuan, mata kuliah, dan keterangan abstraksi dari mata kuliah yang dibutuhkan, ini akan memudahkan mahasiswa dalam mencari <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">item-item</i> dalam daftar dokumen apabila daftar tersebut panjang dan banyak sehingga akan lebih mudah dengan menggunakan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tools</i> ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Menu Dosen<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sebelum <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">login</i> kedalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">account</i> ini, dosen diharuskan mengisi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">form login</i> dimana terdapat <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">item</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">username</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">password </i>dan Nomor Induk Pegawai (NIP). Setelah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">login</i> dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">account-</i>nya terdapat menu daftar dokumen yang terdiri dari dokumen, komentar dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">search</i>, fungsi-fungsinya sama dengan yang terdapat pada <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">account</i> mahasiswa namun disini terdapat pula menu <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">file</i> dan dokumen baru. Dalam menu ini dosen dapat melihat <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">file-file</i> pertemuan mata kuliah yang telah di-<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">upload </i>dan dosen dapat pula meng-<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">update</i> mata kuliah yang telah ada dengan menambahkan sub-sub materi pertemuan dalam mata kuliah tersebut serta dapat melihat daftar <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">file-file</i> yang telah di<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">upload</i> sebelumnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Menu Admin<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada menu ini terdapat item <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">username </i>dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">password</i>. Admin disini berfungsi sebagai tata usaha yang bertugas me-<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">registrasi</i> nama dosen serta kelengkapannya, meng-<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">upload</i> daftar mata kuliah beserta dengan mendaftarkan dosen tersebut pada mata kuliahnya masing-masing, dan meng-<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">approve</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pending</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">registrasi</i> dari mahasiswa yang mendaftar untuk mengambil mata kuliah.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l15 level3 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.4.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Struktur Software<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1041"
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style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%'>Models<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><![if !mso]></td> </tr>
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Models
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id="_x0000_s1042" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:4.35pt;margin-top:3.15pt;width:127.5pt;height:84.75pt;z-index:17'> <v:textbox> <![if !mso]> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width="100%"><tr> <td><![endif]> <div> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>Web server Apache<o:p></o:p></b></p><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>(Skrip PHP)<o:p></o:p></b></p></div><![if !mso]></td> </tr>
</table><![endif]></v:textbox> </v:oval><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 119px; left: 0px; margin-left: 5px; margin-top: 3px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 176px; z-index: 17;"><img alt="Oval: Web server Apache
(Skrip PHP)
" height="119" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Akmal/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image048.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1042" width="176" /></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 201.0pt; text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1095" type="#_x0000_t32"
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o:connectortype="straight"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 384px; margin-top: 20px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 53px; z-index: 37;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Akmal/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image049.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1095" width="53" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1094"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:330.6pt;
margin-top:1pt;width:80.25pt;height:69pt;z-index:36' strokeweight="5pt"> <v:stroke linestyle="thickThin"/> <v:shadow color="#868686"/> <v:textbox> <![if !mso]> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width="100%"><tr> <td><![endif]> <div> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;line-height:normal'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>User<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;line-height:normal'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>(e-learning)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><![if !mso]></td> </tr>
</table><![endif]></v:textbox> </v:rect><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 36;"><span style="height: 103px; left: 0px; left: 437px; position: absolute; top: -2px; width: 119px;"><img alt="Text Box: User
(e-learning)
" height="103" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Akmal/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image050.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1094" width="119" /></span></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect
id="_x0000_s1044" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:215.85pt;margin-top:1pt;width:73.5pt;height:69pt;z-index:19'
strokeweight="5pt"> <v:stroke linestyle="thickThin"/> <v:shadow color="#868686"/> <v:textbox> <![if !mso]> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width="100%"><tr> <td><![endif]> <div> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;line-height:normal'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Client<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;line-height:normal'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>(web browser)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><![if !mso]></td> </tr>
</table><![endif]></v:textbox> </v:rect><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 19;"><span style="height: 103px; left: 0px; left: 284px; position: absolute; top: -2px; width: 110px;"><img alt="Text Box: Client
(web browser)
" height="103" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Akmal/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image051.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1044" width="110" /></span></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_s1039" type="#_x0000_t32" style='position:absolute;left:0;
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flip:x;z-index:14' o:connectortype="straight"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 190px; margin-top: 20px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 99px; z-index: 14;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Akmal/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image052.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1039" width="99" /></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Controller<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 163.5pt; text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1046" type="#_x0000_t32"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:78.6pt;
margin-top:9.05pt;width:.05pt;height:23.8pt;flip:y;z-index:21'
o:connectortype="straight"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 35px; left: 0px; margin-left: 99px; margin-top: 10px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 21;"><img height="35" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Akmal/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image053.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1046" width="12" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1045"
type="#_x0000_t32" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:58.35pt;margin-top:6.6pt;width:0;height:27.75pt;z-index:20'
o:connectortype="straight"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 40px; left: 0px; margin-left: 72px; margin-top: 8px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 20;"><img height="40" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Akmal/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image054.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1045" width="12" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1096"
type="#_x0000_t32" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:293.1pt;margin-top:18.95pt;width:37.5pt;height:0;z-index:38'
o:connectortype="straight"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 390px; margin-top: 19px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 53px; z-index: 38;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Akmal/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image055.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1096" width="53" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1038"
type="#_x0000_t32" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:143.85pt;margin-top:23.45pt;width:68.25pt;height:0;z-index:13'
o:connectortype="straight"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 191px; margin-top: 25px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 94px; z-index: 13;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Akmal/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image056.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1038" width="94" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1040"
type="#_x0000_t32" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:86.85pt;margin-top:5.1pt;width:.05pt;height:27.75pt;z-index:15'
o:connectortype="straight"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 40px; left: 0px; margin-left: 110px; margin-top: 6px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 15;"><img height="40" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Akmal/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image057.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1040" width="12" /></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 163.5pt; text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:oval id="_x0000_s1043" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:8.85pt;margin-top:5.25pt;width:117pt;
height:83.95pt;z-index:18'> <v:textbox> <![if !mso]> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width="100%"><tr> <td><![endif]> <div> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>Database server<o:p></o:p></b></p><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>(MySQL)<o:p></o:p></b></p></div><![if !mso]></td> </tr>
</table><![endif]></v:textbox> </v:oval><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 118px; left: 0px; margin-left: 11px; margin-top: 6px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 162px; z-index: 18;"><img alt="Oval: Database server
(MySQL)
" height="118" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Akmal/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image058.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1043" width="162" /></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">View<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 1.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Gambar 3.12 Model Struktur <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">software<o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Alur dari perangkat ini mencakup : <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 127.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -99.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Models :<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Models</i> merupakan abstraksi dari <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">database</i> dimana kode program terdapat didalamnya dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">models</i> juga merupakan bagian yang bertanggung jawab dalam proses pengiriman file hypertext (http) yang merupakan protocol yang digunakan untuk berkomunikasi antara <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">web server </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">web browser. </i>File http ini akan diterjemahkan oleh <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">web server</i> apache melalui skrip PHP ke <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">database</i> dalam <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>penyediaan data yang menggunakan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">database server</i> MySQL.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 127.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -99.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Controller: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Controller</i> merupakan bagian yang memproses data yang diminta oleh <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">user</i>, dimana bagian ini menerima permintaan (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">request</i>) dari <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">user </i>melalui <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">client </i>(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">web browser</i>), kemudian mencari data yang diminta tersebut didalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">database</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 127.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -99.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">View<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: Bagian <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">view </i>ini merupakan bagian yang bertanggung jawab untuk menampilkan hasil dari program yang telah diproses di <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">controller</i> untuk kemudian dikirim kembali ke <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">user</i> melalui <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">client (web browser).</i><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 46.35pt; text-indent: -46.35pt;"><b><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3.4.2 Perancangan Halaman Web<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;">Aplikasi yang akan dibuat ini terdiri atas bagian <i>user</i> dan bagian <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">admin </span>sebagai pengelola. Setelah pembuatan <i>database</i>, dilakukan pembuatan tampilan halaman utama atau <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">form</i> utama yang terdiri atas empat menu yaitu <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">front page, public user, login </i>dan<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> about</i>. Menu <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">front page </i>merupakan tampilan awal pada halaman <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">web</i> yang sekaligus memuat formulir pendaftaran bagi mahasiswa untuk mengambil mata kuliah. Menu <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">login</i> diperuntukkan bagi pengguna yang ingin menggunakan aplikasi dari sistem ini, kecuali bagi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">public user</i> yang tidak memerlukan menu <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">login </i>karena tidak memiliki <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">account</i> tersendiri. Menu <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">about</i> memuat tentang penjelasan singkat mengenai aplikasi ini beserta nama penulis dan juga nama pembimbing. Jika <i>layout</i> telah siap, selanjutnya dilakukan penambahan kode skrip untuk menampilkan data yang ada, skrip PHP ini ditambahkan pada <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tag</i> dan kode HTML-nya, sehingga dari tampilan tersebut dapat terkoneksi ke <i>database-</i>nya. Untuk dapat menampilkan data di halaman <i>web</i> terlebih dahulu harus dilakukan koneksi ke <i>database</i> untuk selanjutnya membuat <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">query</i> ke <i>database </i>sesuai parameter yang ingin ditampilkan. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Penambahan data pada umumnya melalui pengisian <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>data </span>yang ada dalam setiap <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">account</i> baik admin maupun dosen sesuai dengan nama <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">form </i>dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">account</i>. Contoh dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">account</i> admin apabila ingin menambahkan mata kuliah maka input data dapat dilakukan pada <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">form</i> mata kuliah baru. Pembuatan halaman <i>form</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">input</i>, yang penting adalah <i>file</i> yang menjadi tujuan pada saat halaman tersebut dieksekusi. Jika ingin meng-<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">edit</i> data pada tampilan yang ada, maka dengan memilih <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">edit </i>data dokumen<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>akan muncul terlebih dahulu <i>form</i> yang telah terisi data sebelumnya yang ingin diubah. Contoh <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">pada <i>account</i> dosen yang ingin mengubah <i>password</i> apabila diinginkan, data yang sebelumnya telah diinputkan oleh admin dapat diubah <i>password</i>-nya oleh dosen yang bersangkutan atau dosen yang ingin mengubah atau meng-<i>update</i> <i>file</i> mata kuliah maka data awal yang telah di<i>input</i> sebelumnya masih nampak sebelum di<i>update.</i></span> Fasilitas <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">delete</i> atau menghapus data terdapat dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">account </i>admin dan juga dosen, dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">account</i> admin data mata kuliah yang telah di<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">input </i>dapat dihapus dan didalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">account</i> dosen menu <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">delete</i> ini digunakan untuk menghapus <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">file</i> dalam mata kuliah jika <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">file </i>tersebut tidak diperlukan lagi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3.4.3 Prosedur Inisialisasi Awal Aplikasi <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada Tugas Akhir ini, data yang diterima dan dikirim sebuah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">server</i> ke <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">user</i> dilakukan<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>melalui <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">port</i> UTP <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">cable 4-pair</i> pada perangkat komputer yang digunakan. Untuk prosedur penentuan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">server</i> dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">user</i> sebagaimana diketahui bersama bahwa dalam suatu jaringan terdapat beberapa perangkat komputer yang bertugas untuk mengatur lalu lintas dalam jaringan yang mencakup pengiriman, pengolahan, dan penerimaan data. Perangkat komputer yang bertanggung jawab dalam penerimaan dan pengolahan data dinamakan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">server</i> dan perangkat komputer yang dapat mengakses data informasi dan menerima kembali data yang dikirim oleh <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">server</i> dinamakan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">user</i> melalui <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">web browser</i> atau biasa disebut <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">client</i>. Dalam prosedur registrasi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">user</i> to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">server</i> dilakukan setelah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">user </i>me-<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">request</i> data ke <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">server</i>, selanjutnya dilakukan proses registrasi awal oleh masing-masing pengguna. Untuk mengakses data-data pada <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">server </i>secara <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">unlimited, user</i> diharuskan mempunyai <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">account </i>pada <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">server</i> tersebut, cara membuat <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">account</i> yaitu dengan me-registrasikan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">profile</i> ke <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">server.</i> Setelah proses registrasi berhasil, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">user</i> dapat <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">login</i> kedalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">account-nya </i>dan mengakses seluruh data-data pada <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">server</i> dan khusus bagi mahasiswa pada saat registrasi dibutuhkan persetujuan registrasi dari admin (pengelola) sebelum dapat mengakses data melalui <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">account </i>pribadi mahasiswa yang bersangkutan. Perlu diketahui bahwa dalam program <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">e-learning</i> ini data-data pada <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">server</i> dapat diakses oleh mahasiswa, dosen dan admin sebagai satu rangkaian terpadu dalam proses ini, dan terdapat pula menu bagi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">public user </i>yang diperuntukkan untuk pengguna lain diluar civitas akademika unhas regular sore, namun data atau <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">file</i>-<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">file</i> tersebut dapat ditentukan oleh dosen yang bersangkutan untuk tidak di-<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sharing</i>kan kepada <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">public</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">user</i> namun<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>hanya kepada mahasiswa saja.<o:p></o:p></span></div>Nur Akmal Abdullahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12009812217579462064noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3021558861706622751.post-20873216198350031152010-12-20T22:07:00.000-08:002010-12-20T22:07:44.666-08:00laporan profil tanah<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: center; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.1 Latar Belakang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 39.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tanah adalah lapisan nisbi tipis pada permukaan kulit. Pembentukan tanah dari bongkahan bumi mulai dari proses-proses pemecahan atau penghancuran dimana bahan induk berkeping-keping secara halus. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 39.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fungsi utama tanah adalah sebagai media tumbuh makhluk hidup. Proses pembentukan tanah dimulai dari hasil pelapukan batuan induk (regolit) menjadi bahan induk tanah, diikuti oleh proses pencampuran bahan organik yaitu sisa-sisa tumbuhan yang dilapuk oleh mikroorganisme dengan bahan mineral dipermukaan tanah, pembentukan struktur tanah, pemindahan bahan-bahan tanah dari bagian atas ke bagian bawah dan berbagai proses lain, sehingga apabila kita menggali lubang pada tanah maka akan terlihat lapisan-lapisan tanah yang berbeda sifat fisik, kimia, dan biologinya, lapisan-lapisan inilah yang disebut dengan horizon tanah yang terbentuk dari mineral anorganik akar. Susunan horizon tanah tersebut biasa disebut profil tanah. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="pj" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">Dengan kata lain, profil tanah merupakan suatu irisan melintang pada tubuh tanah yang menunjukkan susunan horizon tanah, dimulai dari permukaan tanah sampai lapisan bahan induk dibawahnya. Lapisan-lapisan tersebut terbentuk selain dipengaruhi oleh perbedaan bahan induk sebagai bahan pembentuknya, juga terbentuk karena pengendapan yang berulang-ulang oleh genangan air. Terdapatnya horizon-horizon pada tanah-tanah yang memiliki perkembangan genetis menyugestikan bahwa beberapa proses tertentu, umum terdapat dalam perkembangan profil tanah. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berdasarkan uraian di atas maka dilakukan pengamatan profil tanah dalam langkah awal penelitian dan pengamatan terhadap tanah.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.2. Tujuan dan Kegunaan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 39.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tujuan praktikum ini adalah pengamatan langsung di lapangan mengenai profil tanah dan untuk mengetahui sifat fisik serta faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya.. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 39.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kegunaan praktikum adalah sebagai bahan informasi dalam hubungan proses pedogenesis tanah dan merupakan bahan perbandingan antara materi kuliah dan praktikum yang dilakukan di lapangan. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 39.5pt;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">II. TINJAUAN PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">2.1 Profil Tanah<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">Profil tanah merupakan suatu irisan melintang pada tubuh tanah dibuat dengan cara menggali lubang dengan ukuran (panjang dan lebar) tertentu dan kedalaman yang tertentu pula sesuai dengan keadaan keadaan tanah dan keperluan penelitian. Tekanan pori diukur relative terhadap tekanan atmosfer dianamakan muka air tanah. Tanah yang diasumsikan jenuh walaupun sebenarnya tidak demikian karena ada rongga-rongga udara (Pasaribu, 2007).</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><strong>Horizon Tanah</strong><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>adalah tanah terdiri dari lapisan berbeda horisontal, pada lapisan yang disebut horizons. Mereka mulai dari kaya, organik lapisan atas (humus dan tanah) ke lapisan yang rocky (lapisan tanah sebelah bawah, dan regolith bedrock)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Anonim 1, 2010).</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">Horizon dan lapisan terbagi sesuai dengan (Anonim 2, 2010):</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">1. Horizon organik : horizon organik dari tanah mineral</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>a. Terbentuk pada bagian atas tanah mineral</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">b. Terdiri atas oleh bahan-bahan organik segar/terurai sebagian 50% <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">³</span></span> 30%<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>jika berfrasi lempung</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>c. Berkadar BO 20% jika berfraksi bukan lempung</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">O1¬ : horizon organik yang sebagian besar bagian-bagiannya masih</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.65pt;">jelas menampakkan bentuk asli. </div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.65pt;">O2 : horizon organik yang sudah tidak tersidik bentuk asli asalnya. </div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">2. Horizon mineral yang terdiri atas:</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">a.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>horizon pengumpulan b.o yang terbentuk dekat permukaan </div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;">b. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>lap yang telah kehilangan lempung, besi atau aluminium yang</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">mengakibatkan pengumpulan kwarsa atau mineral </div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">c. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>horizon yang dirajai (a) atau (b) tapi memperlihatkan sifat ke horison B atau<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>C dibawahnya. </div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">A1 : terbentuk/sedang terbentuk pada/dekat muka tanah dengan penimbunan b.o. Terhumofikasi yang berhubungan dengan fraksi mineralnya.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">A2 : berciri pokok hilangnya lempung, besi atau aluminium sehingga terjadi</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">pemekatan residuil kwarsa.</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">A3 : horizon peralihan antara A dan B dan dirajai oleh sifat-sifat khas A1dan A2 yang menumpanginya, tapi mempunyai beberapa sifat tambahan</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify;">dari horizon B di bawahnya. </div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">AB : peralihan antara A dan B, yang bagian atas berciri utama sifat-sifat A, dan bagian bawah seperti horizon B. Biasanya karena terlalu tipis, bila tebal harus dipisahkan. Keduanya tidak bisa dipisahkan menjadi A3 dan B1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">B : Ciri-ciri utamanya </div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 46.35pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Pemekatan illuvial lempung silikat, besi, Al/humus baik sendiri-sendiri</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 46.35pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">maupun kombinasi.</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">b. Pemekatan residuil seskudesido atau lempung silikat dengan pelarutan/penghilangan karbonat-karbonat/garam-garam mudah larut. </div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.65pt; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">c.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Terjadi pelarutan seskuidesida sehingga berwarna lebih tua, cemerlang</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.65pt; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">atau lebih merah tapi tak ada iluviasi besi.</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.7pt;">d.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Perobahan bahan dari keadaan aslinya yang mengaburkan struktur batuan asli, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang membentuk lempung-lempung silikat, membebaskan desida-desida atau keduanya dan membentuk struktur granuler, gumpal atau prismatik. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 16.8pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Menurut Hanafiah (2007), berdasarkan pembentukannya, bebatuan ini dikelompokkan menjadi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3 golongan yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Batuan beku (igneous rock) yang merupakan bebatuan yang terbentuk dari proses solidifikasi (pembekuan) magma cair. Apabila proses pembentukannya terjadi jauh dibawah tanah, maka bebatuan yang terbentuk disebut plutonik (batuan dalam), disebut intrusi (batuan gang) jika <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">pembekuannya terjadi didalam liang-liang menuju permukaan tanah, dan disebut ekstrusi (batuan vulkanik atau lelehan) jika pembekuannya terjadi dipermukaan tanah.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Batuan sedimen (sedimentary rock) merupakan bebatuan yang terbentuk dari proses konsolidassi (pemadatan) endapan-endapan partikel yang terbawa oleh angina atau air dibawah permukaan bumi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Batuan peralihan (metamorf) yang merupakan batuan beku atau batuan sedimen yang telah mengalami transformasi (perubahan rupa) akibat adanya pengaruh perubahan suhu, tekanan, cairan atau gas aktif. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Horizon O </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">adalah lapisan teratas yang hampir seluruhnya mengandung bahan organik. Tumbuhan daratan dan jatuhan dedaunan termasuk pada horizon ini. Juga humus. Humus dari horizon O bercampur dengan mineral lapuk untuk membentuk <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">horizon A</span>, soil berwarna gelap yang kaya akan bahan organik dan aktivitas biologis, tumbuhan ataupun hewan. Dua horizon teratas ini sering disebut <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">topsoil</span>.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"> </v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:formulas> <v:path gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect" o:extrusionok="f"> <o:lock aspectratio="t" v:ext="edit"> </o:lock></v:path></v:stroke></v:shapetype><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_1" o:spid="_x0000_s1027" style="height: 97.3pt; left: 0; margin-left: 109.65pt; margin-top: -22.4pt; mso-position-horizontal-relative: text; mso-position-horizontal: absolute; mso-position-vertical-relative: text; mso-position-vertical: absolute; mso-wrap-distance-bottom: 0; mso-wrap-distance-left: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-right: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-top: 0; mso-wrap-style: square; position: absolute; text-align: left; visibility: visible; width: 141.75pt; z-index: 2;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata gain="93623f" grayscale="t" o:title="" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Akmal\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">\<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Asam organik dan CO<sub>2</sub> yang diproduksi oleh tumbuhan yang membusuk pada topsoil meresap ke bawah ke <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">horizon E</span>, atau <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">zona pencucian</span>, dan membantu melarutkan mineral seperti besi dan kalsium. Pergerakan air ke bawah pada horizon E membawa serta mineral terlarut, juga mineral lempung berukuran halus, ke lapisan di bawahnya. Pencucian (atau <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">eluviasi</span>) mineral lempung dan terlarut ini dapat membuat horizon ini berwarna pucat seperti pasir (Hakim, 2007).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Material yang tercuci ke bawah ini berkumpul pada <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">horizon B</span>, atau <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">zona akumulasi</span>. Lapisan ini kadang agak melempung dan berwarna merah/coklat karat akibat kandungan hematit dan limonitnya. Kalsit juga dapat terkumpul di horizon B. Horizon ini sering disebut subsoil. Pada horizon B, material Bumi yang masih keras (hardpan), dapat terbentuk pada daerah dengan iklim basah di mana mineral lepung, silika dan oksida besi terakumulasi akibat pencucian dari horizon E. Lapisan hardpan ini sangat sulit untuk digali/dibor. Akar tumbuhan akan tumbuh secara lateral di atasnya dan bukannya menembus lapisan ini; pohon-pohon berakar dangkal ini biasanya terlepas dari akarnya oleh angin (Pairunan, 1985).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Horizon C</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> ialah material batuan asal yang belum seluruhnya lapuk yang berada di bawah horizon B. Material batuan asal ini menjadi subjek pelapukan mekanis maupun kimiawi dari frost action, akar tumbuhan, asam organik, dan agen lainnya. Horizon C merupakan transisi dari batuan asal (sedimen) di bawahnya dan soil yang berkembang di atasnya (Buckman, 1992).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Contoh Tanah adalah suatu volume massa tanah yang diambil dari suatu bagian tubuh tanah (horison/lapisan/solum) dengan cara-cara tertentu disesuaikan dengan sifat-sifat yang akan diteliti secara lebih detail di laboratorium. Pengambilan contoh tanah dapat dilakukan dengan teknik dasar yaitu pengambilan contoh tanah secara utuh dan pengambilan contoh tanah secara tidak utuh (Anonim 1, 2010).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: .2pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Menurut Anonim 2 (2010), untuk penetapan sifat-sifat fisika tanah ada 3 macam pengambilan contoh tanah yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh tanah tidak terusik (undisturbed soil sample) yang diperlukan untuk analisis penetapan berat isi atau berat volume (bulk density), tagihan ukuran pori (pore size distribution) dan untuk permeabilitas (konduktivitas jenuh).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh tanah dalam keadaan agregat tak terusik (undisturbed soil aggregate) yang diperlukan untuk penetapan ukuran agregat dan derajad kemantapan agregat (aggregate stability).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh tanah terusik (disturbed soil sample), yang diperlukan untuk penetapan <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kadar lengas, tekstur, tetapan Atterberg, kenaikan kapiler, sudut singgung, kadar lengas kritik, Indeks patahan (Modulus of Rupture:MOR), konduktivitas hidroulik tak jenuh, luas permukaan (specific surface), erodibilitas (sifat ketererosian) tanah menggunakan hujan tiruan. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Secara umum, analisis contoh tanah menurut (Anonim 2, 2010) bertujuan untuk :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menentukan sifat fisik dan kimia tanah (status unsur hara tanah).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengetahui lebih dini adanya unsur-unsur beracun tanah.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pembentukan soil yaitu<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kemiringan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Daerah dengan kemiringan terjal akan mengandung sedikit soil atau tidak sama sekali, Hal ini disebabkan oleh gravitasi yang membuat air dan partikel soil bergerak ke bawah. Vegetasi akan jarang sehingga akan sedikit akar tanaman yang menyentuh batuan lapuk dan akan sangat jarang bahan organik yang menyediakan nutrien. Kontras dengan yang tadi, daerah bottomland akan sangat tebal, namun drainasenya kurang baik dan soil akan jenuh air. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Material Asal</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Material asal adalah sumber dari mineral lapuk yang membentuk hampir seluruh soil. Soil yang berasal dari granit lapuk akan menjadi pasiran karena partikel kuarsa dan feldspar yang terlepas dari granit. Setelah butiran feldspar lapuk, mineral lempung berukuran halus akan terbentuk. Soil yang terbentuk akan memiliki variasi ukuran butir yang sangat baik untuk drainase dan kemampuan menahan air.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 6.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Pembentukan soil dari basalt tidak akan menjadi pasiran, bahkan saat tahap awal pembentukannya. Jika pelapukan kimiawi lebih prevalent dari pada mekanis, butiran feldspar yang lapuk akan langsung menjadi mineral lempung halus. Karena batuan asal tidak mengandung butiran kasardan kuarsa, soil yang terbentuk akan kekurangan pasir. Soil seperti ini tidak akan terdrainase dengan baik, walau bisa saja tetap subur.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Organisme Hidup</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Fungsi utama organisme hidup adalah untuk menyediakan bahan organik bagi soil. Humus akan menyediakan nutrien dan membantu menahan air. Tumbuhan membusuk akan melepaskan asam organik yang meningkatkan pelapukan kimiawi. Hewan penggali seperti semut, cacing, dan tikus membawa partikel soil ke permukaan dan mencampur bahan organik dengan mineral.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Lubang-lubang yang dibuat akan membantu sirkulasi air dan udara, meningkatkan pelapukan kimiawi dan mempercepat pembentukan soil. Mikroorganisme seperti bakteri, jamur, dan protozoa membantu proses pembusukan bahan organik menjadi humus. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Waktu</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Karakter soil berubah seiring berjalannya waktu. Soil yang masih muda masih mencerminkan struktur material asalnya. Soil yang sudah dewasa akan lebih tebal. Pada daerah volkanik aktif, rentang waktu antarerupsi dapat ditentukan dengan meneliti ketebalan soil yang terbentuk pada masing-masing aliran ekstrusif. Soil yang telah terkubur dalam-dalam oleh aliran lava, debu vulkanik, endapan glasial, atau sedimen lainnya disebut <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">paleosol</span>. Soil seperti ini dapat dilacak secara regional dan dapat mengandung fosil. Maka dari itu, soil ini sangat berguna untuk <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">dating</span> batuan dan sedimen, serta untuk menginterpretasi iklim dan topografi lampau.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Iklim</span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 19.2pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Iklim barangkali merupakan faktor terpenting yang menentukan ketebalan dan karakter soil. Material asal pada topografi yang sama dapat terbentuki menjadi soil yang berbeda jika iklimnya berbeda. Temperatur dan curah hujan menentukan pelapukan kimiawi atau mekaniskah yang paling dominan, dan akan berpengaruh kepada laju dan kedalaman pelapukan. Iklim juga menentukan jenis organisme yang dapat hidup di soil tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 250%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">2.2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tanah Inseptisol<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">Inceptisol berasal dari kata latin inceptum, yang berarti permulaan. Perkembangan horison genetik, baru dimulai dalam inceptisol, tetapi mereka dianggap lebih tua dari Entisol. Keistimewaannya, Inceptisol mempunyai epipedon ochric dan horison subpermukaan cambic. Mereka dapat mempunyai horison diagnostic lain, tetapi memperlihatkan bukti kecil daru eluviasi kurang. Mereka kurang cukup menggambarkan petunjuk yang dapat ditempatkan pada setiap delapan ordo tanah yang tetap. (Foth,1994).</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 21.3pt 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Inceptisol terjadi pada semua daerah iklim, dimana mereka mengalami banyak pencucian dalam sebagian besar tahun. Pada peta ordo tanah, dua area yang besar diperlihatkan, termasuk tundra di Amerika Utara dan Asia-Eropa. Tanah tundra dicirikan dengan kandungan organic yang tinggi. Vegetasi terdiri terutama dari vegetasi berlumut, campuran cendawan dan lumut yang hidup bersama (lichens) dan sejenis alang-alang yang tumbuh di bawah. Tanaman-tanaman ini tumbuh sangat lambat tetapi rendahnya temperatur tanah menghambat perombakan bahan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>organik,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berakibat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tanah-tanah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kandungan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bahan organik yang tinggi. Mereka selalu mempunyai permafrost agak asam sampai sangat asam dan mempunyai mikrorelief permukaan yang disebabkan oleh pembekuan dan pencairan. Sebagian besar tanah tundra memperlihatkan bukti kebasahan atau drainase yang miskin. Mereka adalah Aquepts (Foth,199<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">4</span>).</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">Inseptisol adalah tanah – tanah yang kecuali dapat memiliki epipedon okrit dan horizon albik seperti yang dimiliki oleh tanah entisol juga memilikijuga mempunyai ciri lain ( misalnya horizon kambik ) tetapi belum memenuhi syarat bagi ordo tanah lain. Inseptisol adalah tanah yang belum matang ( immature ) dengan perkembangan profil yang lemah dibanding dengan tanah, matang dan masih banyak menyerupai sifat bahan induknya. Beberapa factor yang sangat mempengaruhi inseptisol adalah bahan induk yang sangat resisten, posisi dalam landscape yang ekstrim yaitu daerah curam atau lembah dan permukaan geomorfologi yang muda, sehingga pembentukan tanah belum lanjut (Hardjowigeno, 2003).</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">Struktur tanah merupakan gumpalan kcil dari butiran – butiran yang terbentuk akibat butir – butir, pasir, debu dan liat terikat satu sama lain oleh suatu perekat, seperti bahan organic, oksida – oksida besi, dan lain – lain. Tanah dikatakan tidak berstruktur apabila butiran – butiran tidak saling melekat satu sama lain ( disebut lepas, misalnya tanah pasir ) atau terlalu padu ( disebut massivel atau pejal ). Terdapat 4 bentuk utama struktur tanah yaitu lempeng, prisma, gumpal, dan bentuk spherodial.(<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Foth, 1994</span>).<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">III. KEADAAN UMUM LOKASI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 300%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">3.1 Letak Astronomis dan Geografis<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Lokasi tempat penelitian profil tanah adalah di wilayah Dusun Pangkajene, Desa Barugaia, Kecamatan Polut, Kabupaten takalar. Dengan letak astronomis<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5<sup>0</sup>22’21,2’’ Lintang Selatan, 119<sup>0</sup>33’44” Bujur Timur. Untuk letak geografis pada pengambilan sampel profil tanah yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Sebelah Utara<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Desa Barugaia<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Sebelah Selatan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Desa Malolo<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Sebelah Timur<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Desa Jera’baka<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Sebelah Barat<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Desa Timbuseng<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">3.2 Iklim<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Iklim merupakan faktor yang amat penting dalam proses pembentukan tanah. Suhu dan curah hujan sangat berpengaruh terhadap intensitas reaksi fisik di dalam tanah. Daerah ini termasuk iklim C, sesuai dengan pembagian iklim Schmit Fergussan. </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Keadaan di lokasi adalah C2-C3 dengan curah hujan rata-rata berkisar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>800-2500 mm.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 54.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">3.3 Topografi <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Topografi merupakan perbedaan tinggi atau bentuk wilayah suatu daerah, termasuk perbedaan kecuraman dan bentuk lereng. Keadaan topografi di tempat pengambilan profil tanah adalah curam dengan persen kelerengannya adalah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>8% - 15%.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">3.4 Vegetasi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Vegetasi pada tempat pengambilan sampel tanah di profil dalam adalah subur, dengan tanaman utama berupa tanaman tebu, tanaman lain berupa kapuk, dan pohon pisang. Sedangkan pada tempat pengambilan sampel tanah pada profil dangkal adalah vegetasinya subur, dengan tanaman utama berupa tebu dan tanaman lainnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">IV. </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;">METODOLOGI PERCOBAAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">4.1 Tempat dan Waktu Pengamatan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.3pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pengamatan profil tanah ini diadakan di dusun pangkajenne’, Desa barugayya, kec.polombangkeng, kab. Takalar dan pada tanggal 26 September 2010 pukul.15.00 - 17.00 WITA.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 35.3pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">4.2 Alat dan Bahan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Alat yang digunakan adalah cangkul, linggis, penggaris, cutter/pisau, meteran, ring sampel, papan, Daftar Isian Profil (DIP), kompas, dan GPS (Global Position Sistem)..<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Bahan yang digunakan adalah kantong plastik gula, kantong mayat, papan,spidol, dan kertas label.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">4.3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Prosedur Kerja<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">4.3.1 Cara Pengambilan Sampel Tanah Utuh<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Meratakan dan membersihkan lapisan yang akan diambil, kemudian meletakan ring sampel tegak lurus (bagian runcing menghadap ke bawah) pada lapisan tanah tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Menekan ring sampel sampai ¾ bagiannya masuk ke dalam tanah.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Meletakkan ring sampel lain tpepat di atas ring sampel pertama, kemudian tekan lagi sampai bagian bawah dari ring sampel kedua masuk ke dalam tanah (10 cm).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Menggali ring sampel beserta tanah di dalamnya dengan skop atau linggis.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Memisahkan ring sampel kedua dari ring sampel pertama dengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hati-hati, kemudian potonglah kelebihan tanah yang ada pada permukaan dan bawah ring sampel sampai permukaan rata dengan permukaan ring sampel.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Menutuplah ring sampel dengan plastik, lalu simpan dalam kotak khusus yang sudah disediakan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">4.3.2 Cara Pengambilan Sampel Tanah Terganggu<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Ambil tanah dengan sendok tanah atau pisau sesuai dengan lapisan yang akan diambil, mulailah dengan lapisan paling bawah.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Masukkan dalam kantong plastk yang telah di beri label. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: -9.0pt;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">V. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">5.1 Hasil<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Berdasarkan hasil pengamatan yang diperoleh di lapangan dapat dilihat pada tabel berikut :<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Tabel: Hasil Pengamatan Profil Tanah di Wilayah Takalar<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-left: 5.4pt; width: 586px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 17.85pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 17.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="161"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lapisan<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 17.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 17.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="bottom" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">II<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 17.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="bottom" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">III<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 17.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">IV<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="161"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kedalaman Lapisan (cm)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">23<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="bottom" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">39<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="bottom" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: -5.4pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">25<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">48<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="161"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Batasan Lapisan<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nyata<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="bottom" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Baur<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="bottom" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Baur<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Baur<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="161"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Topografi Batas Lapisan<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berombak<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="bottom" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak teratur<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="bottom" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak Teratur<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak teratur<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="161"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Warna (Munsell)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hitam<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="bottom" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Coklat Muda<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="bottom" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hitam<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Abu-abu<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="161"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tekstur<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pasir<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="bottom" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lempung Pasir<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="bottom" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lempung Berliat<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Liat<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="161"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Struktur<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kasar<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="bottom" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sedang<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="bottom" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Halus<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kasar<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="161"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Konsistensi<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lepas<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="bottom" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lepas<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="bottom" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gembur<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tegak<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="161"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Karatan<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fe<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="bottom" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fe<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="bottom" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak ada<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak ada<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Sumber : Data Primer, 2010<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">5.2 Pembahasan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Berdasarkan pada tabel di atas, terlihat bahwa setiap tanah mempunyai horison-horison yang berbeda. Lapisan I pada profil dalam mempunyai kedalaman lapisan 23 cm dan berwarna hitam. Warna gelap tersebut terjadi karena dipengaruhi oleh kandungan bahan organik yang tinggi yang terdekomposisi. Hal ini sesuai dengan dituturkan Hakim (2007) yang menyatakan bahwa horison teratas hampir seluruhnya mengandung bahan organik. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tumbuhan daratan dan jatuhan dedaunan termasuk pada horizon ini. Humus dari horizon bercampur dengan mineral lapuk untuk membentuk <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">lapisan 1</span>, soil berwarna gelap yang kaya akan bahan organik dan aktivitas biologis, tumbuhan ataupun hewan.</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Lapisan II pada profil dalam mempunyai kedalaman lapisan 39 cm dan berwarna coklat muda. Memiliki tekstur pasir dan pasir karena pada saat pengambilan profil butir-butir struktur agak kuat dan tidak hancur atau rusak. Konsistensinya lepas karena tanah tidak melekat satu sama lain, dan tidak ada karatan. Hal ini sesuai dengan Pairunan (1985). </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4.5pt;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Lapisan III pada profil dalam berwarna hitam dengan kedalaman lapisan 25 cm. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Memiliki tekstur pasir dan struktur halus. Konsistensinya gembur, karena diperlukan sedikit tekanan untuk menghancurkan gumpalan tanah dengan meremasnya. Hal ini sesuai dengan Buckman (1982) yang menyatakan bahwa pada lapisan ke III merupakan transisi dari batuan asal dibawahnya dan soil yang berkembang diatasnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Lapisan IV pada profil berwarna abu-abu dengan kedalaman 48 cm. Memiliki tekstur debu dan struktur halus. Konsistensinya gembur, karena diperlukan sedikit tekanan untuk menghancurkan gumpalan tanah dengan meremasnya. Hal ini sesuai dengan Hanafiah (2007). Adanya karatan menunjukkan bahwa udara masih dapat masuk ke dalam tanah sehingga terjadi oksidasi di tempat tersebut. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center; text-indent: 54.0pt;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">VI. KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN</span></b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">6.1 Kesimpulan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Lapisan I mempunyai kedalaman 23 cm dengan warna hitam, memiliki batasan lapisan nyata, topografi batas lapisan berombak, konsistensi tanah lepas, tekstur lempung, struktur sangat kasar, dan tidak ada karatan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Lapisan II mempunyai kedalaman 39 cm dengan warna tanah coklat, memiliki batasan lapisan baur, topografi batas lapisan berombak, konsistensi tanah lepas, tekstur pasir, struktur sedang, dan tidak ada karatan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.05pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Lapisan III mempunyai kedalaman 25 cm dengan warna tanah hitam, memiliki batasan lapisan baur, topografi batas lapisan tidak teratur, konsistensi tanah gembur, tekstur pasir, struktur halus, dan tidak ada karatan. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.05pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Lapisan IV mempunyai kedalaman 48 cm dengan warna tanah abu-abu, memiliki batasan lapisan baur, topografi batas lapisan tidak teratur, konsistensi tanah gembur, tekstur pasir, struktur halus, dan tidak ada karatan. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.05pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pembentukan soil yaitu kemiringan, material asal, organisme hidup, waktu dan iklim.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.05pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Analisis tanah bertujuan untuk menentukan sifat fisik dan kimia tanah juga mengetahui lebih dini zat beracun tanah.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">6.2 Saran<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 27.0pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 58.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Untuk percobaan selanjutnya supaya waktunya tidak di undur dengan waktu yang telah di tentukan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 27.0pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 58.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Buckman dan Brady, 1982. <i>Ilmu Tanah</i>. Bharata Karya Aksara, Jakarta<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Foth, Hendry D., 1994. <i>Dasar-Dasar Ilmu Tanah</i>. Erlangga, Gajah Mada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>University Press, Yogyakarta<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Hakim, N., M. Yusuf Nyakpa, A. M. Lubis, Sutopo Ghani Nugroho, M. Amin Diha, Go Ban Hong, H. H. Bailey, 1986.<i> Dasar-Dasar Ilmu Tanah</i>. Universitas Lampung, Lampung<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Hardjowigeno, H. Sarwono., 2003. <i>Klasifikasi Tanah dan Pedogenesis</i>. </span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Akademika Pressindo, Jakarta<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Munir, 1996.<i> Tanah-Tanah Utama Indonesia</i>. Pustaka Jaya, Jakarta<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 35.45pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Anonim 1, 2010. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Pengertian Profil Tanah</b>. </span><a href="http://www.gudangmateri.com/bekerja"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://www.gudangmateri.com//</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Diakses pada tanggal 30 September 2010<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Anonim 2, 2010<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">. Ilmu Tanah</b>. </span><a href="http://www.crayonpedia.org/mw/ISOLATOR_DAN_KONDUKTOR_6.1_HERI_SULISTYANTO"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">http://www.crayonpedia.org/mw</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">”. Diakses <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>pada tanggal 1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Oktober 2010.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 58.5pt 216.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Hanafiah., K., A. 2007. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dasar-dasar Ilmu Tanah</i></b>. Rajawali Persada: Jakarta.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">NAMA<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:Nur Akmal Abdullah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">NIM<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: G411 09 014<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Kelompok<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: enam (6)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">ASISTEN<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: MUH. NASRAHYANSAR<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Prodi Keteknikan Pertanian<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Jurusan Teknologi Pertanian<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Fakultas Pertanian<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Universitas Hasanuddin<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Makassar<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">2010<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px;"> </span>Nur Akmal Abdullahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12009812217579462064noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3021558861706622751.post-73437266782337952982010-12-20T21:36:00.000-08:002010-12-20T21:36:06.071-08:00laporan BD PD<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">BAB I<o:p></o:p></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Latar Belakang</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.2pt;">Bulk density atau berat isi, menunjukkan perbandingan berat tanah kering dengan volume termasuk dari pori-pori tanah. Berat isi memiliki arti penting diantara sifat-sifat fisika tanah karena mempunyai pengaruh yang besar terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman yang tumbuh pada tanaman tersebut. Dimana porositas, aerasi dan kandungan air sangat dipengaruhi oleh nilai berat isi dari tanah.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.2pt;">Bulk density mencakup pada volume padatan tanah dan pori-pori diantara zarah-zarah tanah, atau dengan kata lain mencakup seluruh volume tanah. Jadi berbeda dengan partikel density yang hanya meliputi padatan tanah saja, tidak dengan pori-porinya.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.2pt;">Kondisi fisik tanah menentukan penetrasi akar didalam tanah, retensi, air, drainase, aerasi dan nutrisi tanaman. Selain itu juga mempengaruhi sifat-sifat kimia dan biologi.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.2pt;">Kerapatan <st1:city w:st="on">massa</st1:city> ditentukan oleh banyaknya <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">pori</st1:city></st1:place> tanah maupun oleh butir-butir padatan tanah. Tanah-tanah yang renggang mempunyai bobot kecil persatuan volume.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.2pt;">Tanah bertekstur halus mempunyai jumlah pori-pori tetapi berat isinya lebih rendah daripada tanah bertekstur kasar. Jadi semakin banyak ruang <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">pori</st1:city></st1:place> tanah akan semakin kurang pada tanah tersebut, yang berarti pula drainasenya semakin baik. Tanah yang lebih padat mempunyai nilai kerapatan yang lebih besar dari tanah yang telah diolah. Ini berarti makin padat suatu tanah maka semakin sulit menentukan air atau ditembus<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>akar tanaman. Sedangkan tanaman itu sendiri akan membutuhkan ruang dalam tanah yang akan digunakan sebagai tempat untuk menyerap air dan udara.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.2pt;">Berdasarkan uraian diatas jelaslah bahwa penentuan Bulk Density mempunyai manfaat untuk mengetahui kandungan bahan organic tanah.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Tujuan dan Kegunaan</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.2pt;">Tujuan praktikum Bulk density adalah untuk menentukan nilai bulk density lapisan I dan II pada tanah alfisol serta factor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.2pt;">Kegunaan praktikum Bulk Density adalah untuk mengetahui sejauh mana tanaman mampu menumbuhkan akarnya (daya tembus akar) dan pori-pori tanah yang dapat membantu aerasi dalam tanah.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">BAB II<o:p></o:p></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">TINJAUAN PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.2pt;">Berat isi (Bulk Density) adalah berat (<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">massa</st1:city></st1:place>) satu satuan volume tanah kering, umumnya dinyatakan dalam g/cm<sup>3</sup>. Volume tanah termasuk volume butiran padat dan ruang <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">pori</st1:city></st1:place>. Berat jenis tanah ditentukan oleh porositas dan padatan tanah. Tanah yang renggang pori-pori mempunyai bobot kecil per satuan volume dan tanah yang padat berbobot tinggi dan berat jenis yang lebih rendah daripada tanah berpasir. Bulk Density berguna untuk menghitung berat tanah di lapangan (Pairunan dkk, 1997).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.2pt;">Berat jenis tanah atau Bulk Density adalah berat satuan volume tanah kering yang umumnya dinyatakan dalam gram/cm<sup>3</sup>. Bulk density menunjukkan perbandingan antara berat tanah kering dengan volume tanah termasuk volume <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">pori</st1:city></st1:place> tanah. Bulk density merupakan petunjuk kepadatan tanah, makin padat suatu tanah maka makin tinggi pula bulk density, yang berarti makin sulit meneruskan air atau ditembus akar tanaman (Hardjowigeno, 1995).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.2pt;">Tanah lebih padat mempunyai berat jenis dan bulk density tinggi dari tanah yang sama kurang padat. Bulk density di lapisan-lapisan tanah mineral umumnya berkisar 1-1,6 g/cm<sup>3</sup> tanah organic mempunyai bulk density yang rendah misalnya mencapai 0,1 g/cm<sup>3</sup> pada tanah organic apapun juga (Foth, 1994).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.2pt;">Factor yang mempengaruhi kerapatan <st1:city w:st="on">massa</st1:city> selain dari banyaknya <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">pori</st1:city></st1:place> tanah juga dipengaruhi oleh butiran tanah padat. Kerapatan <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">massa</st1:city></st1:place> lempung, geluh lempung dan geluh debu tanah permukaan umumnya dapat berkisar 1,0 sampai 1,60 gram/cm<sup>3</sup> tergantung pada keadaan terdapat suatu kecenderungan jelas. Kerapatan <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">massa</st1:city></st1:place> naik makin klorofil (Buckman dan Brady, 1982).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.2pt;">Timnulnya proses pembentukan stuktur dilapisan-lapisan bagian atas dari bahan induk itu sendiri, jadi tanah-tanah organic memiliki kerapatan isi yang lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan bahan mineral. Tergantung dari sifat-sifat bahan organic yang menyusun tanah organic dan kandungan air pada saat pengambilan contoh (Hakim, 1986).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.2pt;">Volume tanah disini meliputi padatan tanah dan pori-pori diantara zarah-zarah tanah. Ruang <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">pori</st1:city></st1:place> merupakan komponen dalam tanah yang diisi air dan udara. Penyediaan air dan O<sub>2</sub> untuk pertumbuhan tanaman dan jumlah air yang bergerak melalui tanah sangat berkaitan erat dengan jumlah dan ukuran pori-pori tanah. Maka berat tanah berhubungan erat dengan jumlah ruang <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">pori</st1:city></st1:place>, sehingga terganggunya struktur tanah dapat mempengaruhi jumlah pori-pori tanah (Foth, 1994).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.2pt;">Berat jenis butiran diukur dengan pikrometer. Pikrometer berisi air ditimbang, kemudian dikosongkan dari air dan diisi dengan sejumlah air yang diganti tempatnya oleh tanah dapat dihitung (Pairunan dkk, 1997).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">BAB III<o:p></o:p></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">BAHAN DAN METODE<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">3.1 Tempat dan Waktu</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.2pt;">Praktikum Bulk Density dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Fisika Tanah, Jurusan Ilmu Tanah, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Hasanuddin, <st1:place w:st="on">Makassar</st1:place>. Pada hari selasa, 17 April 2007, pukul 14.00-sampai selesai.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">3.2 Alat dan Bahan </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.2pt;">Alat-alat yang digunakan dalam praktikum bulk density adalah timbangan, oven, tabung silender, mistar, dan ring sampel.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.2pt;">Bahan yang digunakan adalah sampel tanah, air (aquadest), dan tissue roll.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">3.3 Prosedur Kerja</div><ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Memasukkan sampel tanah utuh dari pengamatan profil ke dalam oven selama 2 hari sebelum praktikum dimulai.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Kemudian mengeluarkan sampel tanah dari oven lalu memasukkan ke dalam desikator untuk didinginkan kemudian menimbang tanah dengan tabungnya. Selanjutnya mengeluarkannya dari ring sample lalu ditimbang.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Menghitung Bulk Density dengan rumus :</li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">BD = <u>Berat tanah kering oven </u>gr/cm<sup>3</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Volume tanah</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">BAB IV<o:p></o:p></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt;">4.1 Hasil</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 36.2pt;">Berdasarkan hasil pengamatan yang telah dilakukan maka diperoleh hasil perhitungan bulk density sebagai berikut :</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-left: 68.1pt; width: 388px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 42.7pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 42.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 145.6pt;" valign="top" width="194"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">Lapisan</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 42.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 145.65pt;" valign="top" width="194"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">Bulk Density (gram/cm<sup>3</sup>)</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 41.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 41.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 145.6pt;" valign="top" width="194"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">I</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 41.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 145.65pt;" valign="top" width="194"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">1,31 gram/cm<sup>3</sup></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 42.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 42.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 145.6pt;" valign="top" width="194"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">II</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 42.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 145.65pt;" valign="top" width="194"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">0,97 gram/cm<sup>3</sup></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">Sumber : Data primer 2007.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt;">4.2 Pembahasan</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.2pt;">Dari hasil perhitungan bahwa lapisan I memiliki bulk density yang tinggi daripada lapisan II. Dimana bahwa bulk density dipengaruhi oleh kepadatan tanah dan porositas tanah. Hal ini sesuai dengan pendapat teori yang dimana tanah yang liat memiliki kepadatan yang lebih besar selain itu tanah ini memiliki bahan organic yang sedikit sehingga kerapatan tanah semakin tinggi selain itu pengaruh pori-pori tanah sedikit juga mempengaruhi kepadatan tanah (Pairunan dkk, 1997).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.2pt;">Selain dari pengaruh bahan organic dan pori-pori tanah yang sedikit, bulk density juga dipengaruhi oleh lahan, dimana tanah yang diolah pori-porinya akan mengalami kerusakan sehingga pori-pori yang semula terisi oleh udara dan air akan terbongkar dan mengakibatkan pori-pori yang rusak tadi akan terisi oleh tanah sehingga tanah tersebut akan semakin padat. Pada lapisan bawah biasanya akan memiliki kepadatan tanah yang lebih tinggi, hal ini disebabkan karena pada lapisan I tanah mengalami pencucian tersebut tanah (Buckman dan Brady, 1982).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.2pt;">Bulk density yang terlalu rendah atau telalu tinggi maka kurang baik untuk dinyatakan areal pertanian, dalam hal ini jika bulk density suatu tanah terlalu tinggi maka tanah tersebut tidak dapat menahan air dengan baik dan membuat tanah cepat kekeringan. Sedangkan jika bulk density rendah maka aerasinya kuang bagus. Jadi tanah yang baik untuk lahan pertanian adalah tanah yang memiliki bulk density yang tidak terlalu tinggi dan tidak terlalu rendah (Hakim dkk, 1986).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">BAB V<o:p></o:p></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt;">5.1 Kesimpulan</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.2pt;">Berdasarkan hasil pengamatan yang telah dilakukan maka dapat disimpulkan sebagai berikut:</div><ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Lapisan I memiliki bulk density sebesar 1,13 gram/cm<sup>3</sup></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Lapisan II memiliki bulk density sebesar 0,97 gram/cm<sup>3</sup></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi bulk density adalah bahan organic, porositas, pengolahan tanah dan kandungan bahan mineral tanah.</li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">5.2 Saran</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.2pt;">Berdasarkan hasil praktikum bulk density maka tanah sebaiknya tidak dijadikan sebagai areal pertanian sebab selain kandungan bahan organic yang rendah juga memiliki kerapatan tanah yang tinggi sehingga kurang produktif untuk dijadikan areal pertanian.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.2pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Buckman H. O dan Brady N. C, 1982. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ilmu Tanah</b>. Brahara Karya Aksara. <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Jakarta</st1:place></st1:city>.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Foth, H. D, 1994. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Dasar-Dasar Ilmu Tanah</b>. <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Gadja</st1:placename> <st1:placename w:st="on">Mada</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">University</st1:placetype></st1:place> Press. <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Jakarta</st1:place></st1:city>.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.2pt;">Hakim N, M. Y Nyakpa, A. M Lubis, S. G Nugroho, M. A Diha, G. B Hong, H. H Bailey, 1986. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Dasar-Dasar Ilmu Tanah</b>. Universitas Lampung. Lampung.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.2pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.2pt;">Hardjowigeno, S. 1995. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ilmu Tanah</b>. PT. Medityama Sarana Perkasa. <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Jakarta</st1:place></st1:city>.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.2pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.2pt;">Pairunan, A. K. Y. Nanere, J. L. Arifin. S. S. R, Tangkai Sari, R. Lalopus, J. R. Ibrahim, B. dan Asamadih. 1997. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Dasar-Dasar Ilmu Tanah</b>. Badan Kerjasama Perguruan Tinggi Negeri <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Indonesia</st1:country-region></st1:place> Timur.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.2pt;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">BAB I<o:p></o:p></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Latar Belakang</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.2pt;">Sifat fisik tanah sangat mempengaruhi pertumbuhan produktivitas tanaman. Sifat fisik tersebut meliputi : struktur, kerapatan tanah, dan tekstur tanah. Diantara sifat fisik tersebut yang paling berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman adalah kerapatan partikel tanah. Kondisi fisik ini sangat mempengaruhi retensi air, aerasi dan penetrasi akar didalam tanah.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.2pt;">Tanah memiliki kemampuan sangat bergantung dari komponen-komponen penyusunnya. Dengan demikian usaha untuk mempelajari tanah dimulai dengan mempelajari komponen penyusun tersebut. Tanah merupakan campuran dari berbagai bahan organic maupun bahan mineral.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.2pt;">Kandungan mineral tanah mempelajari berat dari suatu jenis tanah. Berat tabah didefinisikan sebagai berat suatu volume kepadatan tanah. Jadi tidak termasuk volume ruang yang terdapat diantara zarah-zarah tanah.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.2pt;">Tanah mempunyai potensi dan manfaat bagi kehidupan, maka pengetahuan akan sifat dan komponen penyusunnya serta interaksinya perlu diketahui. Salah satu acuan untuk dapat mengetahui komponen penyusunnya adalah menetapkan nilai PD-nya. PD tanah yaitu 2,6-2,7 g/cm<sup>3</sup>, untuk kepentingan praktis. Sebagai perbandingan berat jenis tanah-tanah organic yang jauh lebih kecil yaitu sebesar 0,5-0,8 g/cm<sup>3</sup>.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.2pt;">Besarnya ukuran partikel-partikel tanah tidak berpengaruh terhadap patikel density dan ini merupakan salah satu sebab mengapa tanah pada lapisan atas mempunyai partikel density yang lebih rendah dari lapisan bawahnya. Dan jelaslah bahwa dengan pengaruh kandungan bahan organic mempunyai pengaruh besarnya nilai partikel density.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.2pt;">Berdasarkan hal-hal diatas maka percobaan partikel density perlu untuk dilakukan.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Tujuan dan Kegunaan</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.2pt;">Tujuan praktikum partikel density adalah untuk menentukan dan membandingkan kerapatan butir-butir sample tanah alfisol pada lapisan I dan II yang diambil dilapangan dan factor yang mempengaruhinya.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.2pt;">Kegunaan praktikum partikel density adalah untuk mengetahui pentingnya penentuan partikel density didalam penggunaan lahan pertanian dan sebagai bahan perbandingan untuk percobaan selanjutnya.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.2pt;">Berat jenis butiran tanah atau partikel density adalah berat suatu volume fase padat tanah, biasanya dinyatakan dalam gram/cm<sup>3</sup>. Sedangkan berat isi tanah atau bulk density adalah berat <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">massa</st1:city></st1:place> satu satuan volume tanah kering yang dinyatakan dalam gram/cm<sup>3</sup>. Kisaran partikel density adalah 2,6-2,7 gr/cm<sup>3</sup> sedangkan bulk density berkisar antara 1,0-1,55 gr/cm<sup>3</sup> (Pairunan dkk, 1997).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.2pt;">Partikel density adalah salah satu cara untuk mengutarakan berat tanah. Partikel density sebagai berat tanah kering per satuan volume padat tanah. Dengan satuannya adalah gr/cm<sup>3</sup>. Partikel density meliputi volume tanah saja tidak termasuk volume pori-pori tanah (Foth, 1994).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.2pt;">Potensi dan manfaat tanah bagi kehidupan sangat besar sekali. Oleh karena itu perlu pengetahuan akan sifat dan komponen penyusunnya serta interaksinya perlu diketahui. Salah satu cara untuk mengetahui komponen penyusunnya suatu tanah yaitu dengan menetapkan nilai suatu PD. Besar ukuran dan cara teraturnya partikel-partikel tanah tidak terpengaruh pada partikel density, akan tetapi kandungan bahan organic memberi pengaruh besar partikel density (Hakim dkk, 1986).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.2pt;">Bahan organic dalam tanah mempengaruhi kerapatan jenis tanah. Oleh karena lapisan tanah mempunyai kerapatan jenis yang lebih rendah dari lapisan dibawahnya. Lapisan olah banyak mengandung bahan organic dan mempunyai kisaran jenis zarah lebih rendah dari 2,4 g/cm<sup>3</sup>. Salah satu cara untuk mengutarakan tanah adalah yang disebut partikel density. Ini didefinisikan sebagai berat dari suatu volume tanah yaitu kepadatannya. Volume yang dimaksud adalah volume ruang-ruang yang terdapat diantara pori-pori tanah (Hardjowigeno, 1995).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.2pt;">Partikel density atau berat jenis butiran tanah adalah berat dari suatu satuan volume fase padat atau partikel-partikel tanah yang tidak termasuk pori-pori tanah. Besar berat butiran tanah biasanya dinyatakan dalam gram/cm<sup>3</sup> dan berat butiran dapat diukur dengan picnometer. Dengan picnometer maka berat butiran akan lebih tepat (Buckman dan Brady, 1982).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.2pt;">Top soil yang berpasir biasanya mempunyai kerapatan butiran yang lebih besar dibandingkan dengan tanah-tanah yang berliat. Ini berarti bahwa dalam kondisi kering, tanah berpasir memiliki volume yang diisi ruang <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">pori</st1:city></st1:place> lebih rendah (Hakim dkk, 1986).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt;">3.1 Tempat dan Waktu</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.3pt;">Praktikum Partikel Density dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Fisika Tanah. Jurusan Ilmu Tanah, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Hasaniddin, <st1:place w:st="on">Makassar</st1:place>. Pada hari selasa, 17 April 2007, pukul 14.00-sampai selesai.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt;">3.2 Alat dan Bahan</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.3pt;">Alat-alat yang digunakan pada praktikum partikel density adalah tabung silinder, pengaduk, timbangan, oven, dan gelas ukur.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.3pt;">Bahan yang digunakan adalah sampel tanah dan air suling.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt;">3.3 Prosedur Kerja</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 38.85pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 39.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Memasukkan tanah sebanyak 40 kg ke dalam gelas silender 100 ml, yang telah diberi air sebanyak 50 ml dan aduk dengan baik untuk melepaskan udaranya.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 38.85pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 39.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Membilas gelas pengaduk pada dinding silender dengan sejumlah air (10 ml).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 38.85pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 39.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Membiarkan campuran selama 5 menit untuk dapat melepaskan udaranya dan catat volume air dalam gelas silender.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 38.85pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 39.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Menghitung Partikel density dengan rumus:</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">PD =<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><u>Berat tanah kering oven </u>gr/cm<sup>3</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">Volume partikel padat<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">BAB IV<o:p></o:p></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt;">4.1 Hasil</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.2pt;">Berdasarkan hasil pengamatan dari perhitungan nilai partikel density maka didapatkan hasil sebagai berikut :</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 72.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 39.75pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 39.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 143.4pt;" valign="top" width="191"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">Lapisan</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 39.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 143.45pt;" valign="top" width="191"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: center;">Partikel Density (gr/cm<sup>3</sup>)</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 38.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 38.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 143.4pt;" valign="top" width="191"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">I</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 143.45pt;" valign="top" width="191"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">3,63 gr/cm<sup>3</sup></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 39.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 39.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 143.4pt;" valign="top" width="191"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">II</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 39.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 143.45pt;" valign="top" width="191"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">2,67 gr/cm<sup>3</sup></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">Sumber : Data Primer, 2007.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">4.2 Pembahasan</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.2pt;">Partikel density merupakan gambaran tentang berat suatu tanah yang tidak berkait dengan volume pori-pori pada tanah. Hal ini sesuai dengan pendapat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Foth (1994) bahwa partikel density adalah salah satu cara untuk mengutarakan berat tanah. Partikel density sebagai berat tanah kering per satuan volume padat tanah. Satuannya adalah gram/cm<sup>3</sup>. Partikel density meliputi volume tanah saja tidak termasuk volume pori-pori tanah.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.2pt;">Hasil perhitungan nilai partikel density memperlihatkan bahwa tanah pada lapisan II PD terendah yaitu 2,67 gr/cm<sup>3</sup>. Sedangkan yang tertinggi adalah lapisan I yaitu 3,63 gr/cm<sup>3</sup>. Ini terlihat pada lapisan atas kandungan bahan organiknya banyak dibandingkan dengan tanah pada lapisan bawah, dimana semakin banyak kandungan organiknya semakin besar PD-nya. Menurut Buckman dan Brady (1982) bahwa bahan organic dapat memperbesar nilai partikel density tanah karena bahan organic beratnya lebih kecil dari berat benda padat tanah mineral lainnya pada volume yang sama.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.2pt;">Tanah pada lapisan I memiliki kandungan bahan organic yang tinggi daripada tanah pada lapisan II. Dimana pada kandungan bahan organic tinggi maka porositas pun tinggi artinya partikel densitynya juga tinggi. Menurut Hardjowigeno (1995) bahwa porositas tinggi kalau bahan organic tinggi. Tanah yang granular atau remah mempunyai porositas tinggi daripada tanah-tanah yang memiliki struktur massive. Tanah dengan tekstur pasir memiliki banyak <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">pori</st1:place></st1:city> makro sehingga sulit menahan air.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt;">5.1 Kesimpulan</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.2pt;">Berdasarkan hasil praktikum partikel density maka dapat ditarik kesimpulan sebagai berikut :</div><ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Tanah pada lapisan I memiliki partikel density sebesar 3,63 gr/cm3</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Tanah pada lapisan II memilki partikel density sebesar 2,67 gr/cm3</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Tinggi rendahnya partikel density dipengaruhi oleh kandungan bahan organic tanah.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi partikel density suatu tanah adalah bahan organic dan jenis bahan mineral yang terkandung pada tanah tersebut.</li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">5.2 Saran</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.2pt;">Sebaiknya dalam mengelolah suatu bidang tanah, maka tanah yang digunakan adalah tanah yang cukup mengandung bahan organic dan unsur-unsur lain agar tanaman bias tumbuh dengan subur.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Buckman H. O dan Brady N. C, 1982. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ilmu Tanah</b>. Brahara Karya Aksara. <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Jakarta</st1:city></st1:place>.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Foth, H. D, 1994. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Dasar-Dasar Ilmu Tanah</b>. <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Gadja</st1:placename> <st1:placename w:st="on">Mada</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">University</st1:placetype></st1:place> Press. <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Jakarta</st1:city></st1:place>.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.2pt;">Hakim N, M. Y Nyakpa, A. M Lubis, S. G Nugroho, M. A Diha, G. B Hong, H. H Bailey, 1986. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Dasar-Dasar Ilmu Tanah</b>. Universitas Lampung. Lampung.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.2pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.2pt;">Hardjowigeno, S. 1995. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ilmu Tanah</b>. PT. Medityama Sarana Perkasa. <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Jakarta</st1:city></st1:place>.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.2pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.2pt;">Sifat-sifat fisik tanah banyak bersangkutan dengan kesesuaian tanah pada berbagai penggunaan, kekuatan dan daya dukung kemampuan tanah menyimpan air, drainase, penetrasi akar tanaman, tata udara dan pengikatan unsure hara, yang semuanya erat kaitannya dengan sifat fisik tanah.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.2pt;">Ruang <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">pori</st1:city></st1:place> tanah merupakan ruang yang dapat dikuasai oleh air dan udara tanah. Struktur tanah sangat menentukan besar ruang tersebut. Hubungan antara <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">massa</st1:city></st1:place> tanah dan ruang yang dapat berbentuk volume tanah, ditentukan olehnya. Ruang yang ditempati oleh tanah terbagi dua yaitu ruang padat dan ruang <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">pori</st1:city></st1:place>. Salah satu tidak boleh monopoli ruang tanah itu. Ia harus dibagi secara adil dan seimbang.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.2pt;">Didalam tanah terdapat ruang-ruang yang mengikat bitir-butir tanah. Ruang pori-pori ini penting oleh karena ruang ini diisi oleh air dan udara. Air dan udara (gas) juga bergerak melalui ruang pori-pori ini, jadi penyediaan air dan O<sub>2</sub> untuk pertumbuhan tanaman dan sejumlah air yang bergerak melalui tanah berkaitan sangat erat dengan jumlah dan ukuran pori-pori tanah.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.2pt;">Berat dan pori-pori tanah bervariasi dari suatu horizon ke horizon lain, sama halnya dengan sifat-sifat tanah lainnya san kedua variable ini dopengaruhi oleh tekstur dan struktur tanah.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.2pt;">Adanya variasi berat dan ruang pori-pori tanah pada tiap horizon menyebabkan kemampuan daya ikat tanah terhadap air dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ruang udara untuk tiap horizon<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>juga berbeda-beda. Diketahui bahwa pada umumnya tanaman memerlukan air dan oksigen (tanah aerob) untuk pertumbuhannya. Ketersediaan bahan tersebut sangat dipengaruhi oleh berat dan ukuran ruang pori-pori tanah.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.2pt;">Berdasarkan hal-hal tersebut maka percobaan porositas perlu dilakukan.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Tujuan dan Kegunaan</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.2pt;">Tujuan praktikum porositas adalah untuk mengetahui besar kecilnya porositas tanah lapisan I dan II pada tanah alfisol.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.2pt;">Kegunaan praktikum porositas adalah agar mengetahui cara penentuan persentase porositas suatu jenis lahan atau lokasi yang dijadikan pengambilan sample tanah serta factor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.2pt;">Porositas tanah adalah persentase volume tanah yang tidak ditempati butiran padat. Susunan butiran tanah menentukan jumlah dan sifat <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">pori</st1:city></st1:place>. Ukuran pori-pori liat kecil dan dapat menahan air, tetapi permeabilitasnya lambat, sebaliknya pasir mempunyai pori-pori yang besar tetapi daya Manahan air kurang (Pairunan dkk, 1997).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.2pt;">Pada tanah terdapat sejumlah ruang <st1:city w:st="on">pori</st1:city>, ruang <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">pori</st1:city></st1:place> ini sangat penting karena diisi oleh air dan udara. Air dan udara bergerak melalui ruang <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">pori</st1:city></st1:place> yang terdapat didalam tanah. Jadi penyediaan air dan udara untuk pertumbuhan tanaman dan jumlah air yang bergerak melalui tanah berkaitan erat dengan jumlah dan ukuran dari pori-pori tanah (Hakim dkk, 1986).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.2pt;">Pori-pori tanah dapat dibedakan menjadi pori-pori halus. Pori-pori kasar berisi udara atau air gravitasi sedangkan pori-pori halus berisi udara dan air kapiler. Porositas tanah tinggi bila bahan organic juga tinggi. Tanah-tanah yang bertekstur granular atau remah mempunyai porositas tinggi daripada taanh bertekstur massive (Hardjowigeno, 1995).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.2pt;">Ruang <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">pori</st1:city></st1:place> tanah merupakan bagian yang tidak diduduki oleh udara dan air. Jumlah ruang <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">pori</st1:city></st1:place> ini sebagian besar oleh susunan butir padat. Kalau letak mereka satu sama lain cenderung erat, seperti dalam pasir atau sub soil yang padat dan porositasnya rendah. Kalau mereka tersusun dalam yang mengumpal seperti yang kerapkali terjadi pada tanah-tanah yang bertekstur sedang yang besar kandungan bahan organiknya ruang <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">pori</st1:city></st1:place> per satuan volume akan tinggi (Buckman dan Brady, 1982).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.2pt;">Ruang <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">pori</st1:city></st1:place> dalam tanah dapat dihitung dengan kerapatan ini dan kerapatan zarah, jika keduanya ditetapkan dalam pengukuran yang sama. Ruang pori total dalam tanah berpasir semakin rendah tetapi sebagian besar dari pori-pori itu terdiri dari pori-pori<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang besar dan sangat efisien dalam lalu lintas air dan udara, persentase volume yang ditempati oleh pori-pori yang kecil dalam tanah berpasir adalah rendah, sebaliknya pada tanah top soil yang bertekstur halus memiliki lebih banyak ruang pori total yang sebagian besar terdiri dari pori-pori kecil. Hasilnya adalah tanah dengan kapasitas memegang air yang besar, air dan udara yang bergerak melalui tanah dengan sukar karena hanya sedikit saja terdapat pori-pori besar (Hakim, 1986).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.2pt;">Tekstur tanah yang halus mempunyai kisaran luas dalam ukuran dan bentuk partikel. Partikel-partikel ini tidak dalam pengemasan yang paling rapat dan tanah biasanya mempunyai ped tanah dengan ped structural dan mempunyai ruang <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">pori</st1:city></st1:place> karena ruang antar partikel tekstur dan ruang antar ped (Foth, 1994).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt;">3.1 Tempat dan Waktu</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.2pt;">Praktikun porositas dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Fisika Tanah, Jurusan Ilmu Tanah, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Hasanuddin, <st1:place w:st="on">Makassar</st1:place>. Pada hari selasa, 17 April 2007, pukul 14.00-sampai selesai.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt;">3.2 Alat dan Bahan</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">BAB IV<o:p></o:p></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">4.1 Hasil</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.2pt;">Berdasarkan hasil pengamatan yang dilakukan maka diperoleh hasil sebagai berikut :</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-left: 63.35pt; width: 407px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 36.15pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 36.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 152.7pt;" valign="top" width="204"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">Lapisan</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 36.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 152.7pt;" valign="top" width="204"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">Porositas (%)</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 35.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 35.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 152.7pt;" valign="top" width="204"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">I</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 35.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 152.7pt;" valign="top" width="204"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">69 %</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 36.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 36.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 152.7pt;" valign="top" width="204"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">II</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 36.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 152.7pt;" valign="top" width="204"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">64 %</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">Sumber : Data primer, 2007.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">4.2 Pembahasan</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.2pt;">Hasil pengamatan dari perhitungan nilai porositas memperlihatkan bahwa yang memiliki nilai porositas tertinggi adalah tanah lapisan I dengan porositas sebesar 69%. Hal ini disebabkan karena pada lapisan tanah tersebut memiliki kandungan bahan organic yang banyak,. Dimana bahan organic ini akan memperkecil kerapatan dan memperbesar porositas tanah. Hal ini sesuai dengan pendapat Hardjowigeno (1995), bahwa porositas tanah tinggi apabila bahan organiknya tinggi. Bahan organic memperkecil kerapatan isi tanah karena bahan organic juga lebih ringan daripada mineral dan bahan organic memperbesar porositas tanah.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.2pt;">Nilai porositas terendah terdapat pada lapisan II yaitu 64%. Hal ini disebabkan karena<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tanah pada lapisan II sedikit berpasir, dimana persentase volume dapat terisi oleh pori-pori kecil tanah berpasir rendah yang mengakibatkan kapasitas menahan air rendah. Menurut Foth (1994), bahwa ruang <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">pori</st1:city></st1:place> total pada tanah pasir mungkin rendah tetapi mempunyai proporsi yang besar yang disusun daripada komposisi pori-pori yang besar yang sangat efisien dalam pergerakan udara dan airnya.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.2pt;">Porositas tanah dipengaruhi oleh kandungan bahan organic, struktur, dan tekstur. Porositas tanah tinggi jika bahan organic tinggi. Tanah-tanah dengan struktur granular atau remah, mempunyai porositas yang lebih tinggi daripada tanah-tanah dengan struktur pejal, tanah yang bertektur halus mempunyai porositas tinggi dan berat isi yang lebih rendah daripada tanah yang bertekstur kasar atau berpasir (Hardjowigeno, 1995).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Buckman H. O dan Brady N. C, 1982. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ilmu Tanah</b>. Brahara Karya Aksara. <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Jakarta</st1:city></st1:place>.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Foth, H. D, 1994. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Dasar-Dasar Ilmu Tanah</b>. <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Gadja</st1:placename> <st1:placename w:st="on">Mada</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">University</st1:placetype></st1:place> Press. <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Jakarta</st1:city></st1:place>.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.2pt;">Hakim N, M. Y Nyakpa, A. M Lubis, S. G Nugroho, M. A Diha, G. B Hong, H. H Bailey, 1986. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Dasar-Dasar Ilmu Tanah</b>. Universitas Lampung. Lampung.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.2pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.2pt;">Hardjowigeno, S. 1995. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ilmu Tanah</b>. PT. Medityama Sarana Perkasa. <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Jakarta</st1:city></st1:place>.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.2pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.2pt;">Pairunan, A. K. Y. Nanere, J. L. Arifin. S. S. R, Tangkai Sari, R. Lalopus, J. R. Ibrahim, B. dan Asamadih. 1997. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Dasar-Dasar Ilmu Tanah</b>. Badan Kerjasama Perguruan Tinggi Negeri <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Indonesia</st1:country-region></st1:place> Timur</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Lampiran :<o:p></o:p></span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><u>Lapisan I <o:p></o:p></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">BTKO = 218 kg</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Diameter ring = 7 cm</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Tinggi ring = 5 cm</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">V = п r<sup>2</sup> t</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 3,14 X 12,25 X 5</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 192,325</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">BD = <u>Berat tanah kering oven </u>gr/cm<sup>3</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Volume tanah</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><u>218<o:p></o:p></u></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>192,325</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 1,13 gr/cm<sup>3 </sup><sub><o:p></o:p></sub></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><u>Lapisan II<o:p></o:p></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">BTKO = 186 kg</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Diameter ring = 7 cm</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Tinggi ring = 5 cm</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">V = п r<sup>2</sup> t</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 3,14 X 12,25 X 5</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 192,325</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">BD = <u>Berat tanah kering oven </u>gr/cm<sup>3</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Volume tanah</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><u>186<o:p></o:p></u></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>192,325</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 0,97 gr/cm<sup>3 </sup><sub><o:p></o:p></sub></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Lampiran :<o:p></o:p></span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><u>Lapisan I <o:p></o:p></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">BTKO = 40 gr</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Volume air pembilas = 30 cm<sup>3</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Volume dalam gelas ukur = 50 cm<sup>3<o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Volume air dan tanah = 91 cm<sup>3</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Volume tanah = (91) – (50+30) = 11 cm<sup>3</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">PD =<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><u>40 gr</u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>11 gr/cm<sup>3</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 3,63 gr/cm<sup>3</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><u>Lapisan I I<o:p></o:p></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">BTKO = 40 gr</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Volume air pembilas = 20 cm<sup>3</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Volume dalam gelas ukur = 50 cm<sup>3<o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Volume air dan tanah = 85 cm<sup>3</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Volume tanah = (85) – (50+20) = 15 cm<sup>3</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">PD =<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><u>40 gr</u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>15 gr/cm<sup>3</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 2,67 gr/cm<sup>3</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Lampiran :<o:p></o:p></span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><u>Lapisan I <o:p></o:p></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Porositas = [ 1 – <u>BD</u>] X 100%</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>PD</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= [ 1 –<u>1,31</u>] X 100%</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3,63</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= [ 1 – 0,31 ] X 100%</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 0,69 X 100%</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 69%</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><u>Lapisan II<o:p></o:p></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Porositas = [ 1 – <u>BD</u>] X 100%</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>PD</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= [ 1 –<u>0,97</u>] X 100%</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2,67</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= [ 1 –0,36] X 100%</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 0,64X 100%</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 64%</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><u><o:p></o:p></u></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div>Nur Akmal Abdullahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12009812217579462064noreply@blogger.com0